See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from See also:

• LATE

late See also:

• LAT

Lat. caballus, See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse)  , a word which came into use in military literature about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century as applied to mounted men of all kinds employed for combatant purposes, whether intended primarily for charging in masses, in small bodies, or for dismounted fighting . By degrees, as greater refinement of terminology has become desirable, the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea has been narrowed down until it includes only " horsemen trained to achieve the purpose of their See also:

• COMMANDER

commander by the combined See also:

• ACTION

action of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man and See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse," and this See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition will be found to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the whole See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field of See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry activity, from the tasks entrusted to the cavalry " See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps " of 1o,000 sabres down to the See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions devolving on isolated squadrons and even troops . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—The See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution of the cavalry See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm has never been See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform at any one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time over the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the globe, but has always been locally modified by the conditions of See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early , each community and the See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of intellectual develop- use of ment to which at any given moment each had attained. mounted The first See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition for the existence of the arm warriors. being the existence of the horse itself, its relative scarcity or the See also:

• REVERSE

reverse and its adaptability to its environment in each particular See also:

• DISTRICT

district have always exercised a preponderating See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on the development of cavalry organization and See also:

• TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

tactics . The indigenous horses of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe and See also:

• ASIA

Asia being very small, the first application of their capabilities for See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war purposes seems everywhere to have been as See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught animals .for chariots, the construction of which implies not only the existence of level surfaces, perhaps of actual roads, but a very considerable degree of See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical skill in those who designed and employed them . The whole of the classical and See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental mythologies, together with the earliest monuments of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, See also:

• ASSYRIA

Assyria and See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, are convincing on this point . Nowhere can we find a trace either of description or delineation of animals physically capable of carrying on their backs the armed men of the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . All the earliest allusions to the use of the horse in war either point directly to the employment as a draught See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal, or where not specific, as in the description of the war-horse in See also:

• JOB

Job, they would apply equally well to one harnessed to a See also:

• CHARIOT (derived from an O. Fr. word, formed from char, a car)

chariot as to one ridden under the See also:

• SADDLE (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Sattel, Dut. zadel, also in Russ. siedlo and Lat. sella, for sedla; it is not derived directly from Lat. sedile, which means a chair, but all the words are to be referred to the root sad-, which gives

saddle . The first trace of See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change is to be found, according to Prof . Wm . Ridgeway (Origin and Influence of the Thoroughbred Horse, p . 243), in an See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian See also:

• RELIEF

relief showing Nubians mounted on horses of an entirely different breed, taller and more powerful than any which had gone before them . These horses appear to have come from the vicinity of See also:

• DONGOLA

Dongola, and the See also:

• STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain still survives in the See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan .

The breed is traced into See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia, where only second-See also:

• RATE

rate horses had been reared hitherto, and thence to different parts of Europe, where eventually centres of cavalry activity See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed . The first detailed See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of the existence of organized bodies of mounted men is to be found in See also:

• XENOPHON

Xenophon, whose instructions for the breaking, training and command of a See also:

• SQUADRON

squadron remain almost as a See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model for See also:

• MODERN

modern practice . Their See also:

• TACTICAL

tactical employment, however, seems still to have been relatively insignificant, for the horses were still far too small and too few to deliver a See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge with sufficient momentum to break the heavy armed and disciplined hoplites . The strain of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• BATTLE

battle was of an entirely different See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to that of modern fighting . In the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of projectiles of sufficient range and See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to sweep a whole See also:

• AREA

area, the fighting was entirely between the front ranks of the opposing forces . When a front See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank fighter See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell, his See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place was immediately taken by his comrade in the See also:

• REAR

rear, who took up the individual combat, excited by his comrade's See also:

• FATE

fate but relatively fresh in mind and muscle . This See also:

• PROCESS

process of feeding the fight from the rear could be protracted almost indefinitely . If then, as a consequence of a charge, a few mounted men did penetrate the ranks, they encountered such a See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd of well-protected and fresh swordsmen that they were soon pulled off their ponies and despatched . Now and again See also:

• GREAT

great leaders, See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander, See also:

• HANNIBAL
• HANNIBAL (" mercy " or " favour of Baal ")

Hannibal and Scipio See also:

• AFRICANUS, SEXTUS JULIUS

Africanus, for instance, succeeded in See also:

• RIDING

riding down their opponents, but in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main, and as against the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry in particular, mounted troops proved of very little service on the battlefield . It was, however, otherwise in the See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of See also:

• STRATEGY

strategy . There, See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information was of even greater importance, because harder to obtain, than it is nowadays, and the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army which could push out its feelers to the greater distance, surround its enemy and intercept his communications, derived nearly the same advantages as it does at See also:

• PRESENT

present . Hence both sides provided them-selves with horsemen, and when these met, each in the performance of their several duties, charges of masses naturally ensued .

This explains the value attaching in thg old days to the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of horse-flesh and the rapid spread of the relatively new Dongola or See also:

• AFRICAN

African strain over the then known See also:

• WORLD

world . The See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive See also:

• INSTINCT

instinct of aboriginal man is to throw stones or other missiles for purposes of See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence (apes will throw anything they can find, but they never use sticks) ; hence, as the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans penetrated ever farther amongst the See also:

• BARBARIAN (Gr. fap/3apos)

barbarian tribes, their , horsemen in first See also:

• LINE

line found ever-increasing need for See also:

• PROTECTION

protection against projectiles . But the greater the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour carried, the greater the demands upon the endurance of the horse . Then, as the weight-carrying breed was expensive and, with the decay of the Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire, corruption and peculation spread, a limit was soon placed on the multiplication of charging cavalry, and it became necessary to fall back on the indigenous See also:

• PONY
• PONY (from the Lowland Scots powney, probably from 0. Fr. pouleriet, diminutive of poulain, a colt or foal; Late Lat. pullanus, Lat. pullus, a young animal)

pony, which could only carry a rider from place to place, not charge . Thus there was a See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual levelling down of the mounted arms, the heavy cavalry becoming too heavy to gallop and the See also:

• LIGHT

light not See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good enough for See also:

• UNITED

united action . Against such opponents, the lighter and better mounted tribesmen of Asia found their task easy . They cut off the supplies of the marching infantry, filled up or destroyed the See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

wells, &c., and thus demonstrated the strategic See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior mobility . With the decay of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization discipline also disappeared, and, as discipline consists essentially in the spirit of self-See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice for the good of the community, its opposite, self-preservation, became the guiding principle . This in turn led to the increase of armour carried, and thence to the demand for heavier horses, and this demand working through several centuries led ultimately to the breeding of the great weight-carrying animals on whose existence that of See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• CHIVALRY (O. Fr. chevalerie, from Late Lat. caballerius)

chivalry depended . These horses, however, being very costly and practically useless for See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general purposes, could only become the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of the wealthy, who were too See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent to feel the need of See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination, and preferred to live on the spoliation and See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation of the weak . This spoliation eventually impelled the weaker men to combine, and at first their combination took the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the construction of fortified places, against which mounted men were powerless . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, expense put a limit to the area which fortifications could enclose, and this again limited the supplies for the See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison .

Horsemen sweeping the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country for See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles around had no difficulty in feeding themselves, and the surrender of all beleaguered places through See also:

• STARVATION

starvation was ultimately inevitable, unless See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food could be introduced from allied towns in the vicinity . It was of no use to introduce fighting men only into a place which primarily required food (cf . See also:

• LUCKNOW

Lucknow, 1857) to protract its resistance . Hence some means had to be found to surround the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply-convoys with a physically impenetrable See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield, and eighteen-See also:

• FOOT

foot pikes in the hands of powerful disciplined soldiers met the requirements . Against eight to ten ranks of such men the best cavalry in the world, relying only on their swords, were helpless, and for the time (towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 15th century) infantry remained masters of the field on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent of Europe . See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England meanwhile had developed on lines of her own . Thanks to her longbowmen and the military See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius of her leaders, she might have retained indefinitely the command of the continent had it not been for the invention of See also:

• GUNPOWDER

gunpowder, which, though readily accepted by the See also:

• ENGLISH

English for sieges in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, proved the ultimate cause of their undoing . It was the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French who developed the use of See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery most rapidly, and their cavalry were not slow to take the hint; unlike the longbow and the crossbow, the See also:

• PISTOL

pistol could be used effectively from horseback, and presently the knights and their retainers, having the deepest purses, provided themselves with See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long pistols in addition to their lances and swords . These weapons sent a See also:

• BULLET (Fr. boulet, diminutive of boule, ball)

bullet through any armour which a foot-soldier could conveniently carry, or his commander afford, and if anything went wrong with their mechanism (which was complicated and uncertain) the See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed of his horse soon carried the rider out of danger . A new form of attack against infantry, introduced by the French at Cerisoles, 1544, thus developed itself . A See also:

• TROOP (an adaptation of Fr. troupe, O. Fr. trope; cf. Ital. troppa, troppa; Med. Lat. truppus; the origin is doubtful; suggestions have been made that it represents a German conception of Latin turba, crowd, or is an adaptation of Norw. tarp, flock)

troop or squadron, formed in from twelve to sixteen ranks, trotted up to within pistol shot of the See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle of the square to be attacked and halted; then each rank in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession cantered off man by man to the See also:

• LEFT

left, discharging his pistol at the square as he passed, and riding back to his place behind the See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column to reload . This could be prolonged indefinitely, and against such tactics the infantry were powerless .

The stakes carried by English archers to check the See also:

• DIRECT

direct charge of horse-men became useless, as did also chevaux de frise, though the latter (which originated in the 14th century) continued to be employed by the Austrians against the swiftly-charging See also:

• TURKS

Turks till the close of the 17th century . Thus it became necessary to devise some new impediment which, whilst remaining See also:

• MOBILE

mobile, would also give cover and an See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage in the final hand-to-hand See also:

• SHOCK, or COLLAPSE

shock . The problem was solved in Bohemia, See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland and See also:

• MORAVIA (Ger., Ma/wen; Czech, Morava)

Moravia (Hussite See also:

• WARS

wars, about 1420), where, distances being great and the country open, greater mobility and capacity in the convoys became essential . Great trains of wagons were placed in charge of an infantry escort, of which a See also:

• PART

part had become possessed of firearms, and these moved across country in as many as twelve parallel lines drilled to form laagers, as nowadays in See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . Again the cavalry proved helpless, and for nearly a century in central Europe the word " Wagenburg " (See also:

• WAGON, or WAGGON

wagon-fortress) became synonymous with " army." Then an unfortunate See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration came to the wagon-men . A large See also:

• GUN

gun was relatively cheaper to manufacture, and more effective than a small one . To keep their assailants at a distance, they mounted See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall-pieces of about one-See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch See also:

• BORE

bore on their wagons . For a moment the See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance inclined in their favour, but the cavalry were See also:

• QUICK

quick to see their advantage in this new idea, and they immediately followed suit . They, too, mounted guns on wheels, and, as their mobility gave them choice of position, they were able to concentrate their See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire against any See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• LAAGER

laager, and again ultimate surrender was the only way out of the defenders' See also:

• DILEMMA (Gr. &Xuµua, a double proposition, from bi- and aµ(36.vetv)

dilemma . The interesting problem thus raised was never finally solved, for the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of action now shifted to western Europe, to the valley of the Po, and more particularly to the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands, where fortresses were closer together and the clayey nature of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta had already made paved roads necessary . Then, the Wagenburg being no longer needed for the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short transits between one fortified See also:

• TOWN

town and another, the infantry reasserted themselves . Firearms having been much improved in the See also:

• INTERVAL

interval the spearmen (pikemen) had already (about 1515) learnt to protect themselves by musketeers trained to take advantage of cover and ground somewhat in the same See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion as the modern skirmisher .

These musketeers kept light guns at a distance from their pikemen, but dared not venture far out, as their fire was altogether inadequate to stop a See also:

• RUSH
• RUSH, BENJAMIN (1745–1813)
• RUSH, RICHARD (1780–1859)

rush of horsemen; when the latter threatened to intervene, they had to run for safety to the squares of pikemen, whom they assisted in turn by keeping the cavalry beyond pistol range . Hence the horsemen had to fall back upon more powerful guns, and these, being slow and requiring more See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train, could be most economically protected by infantry (see also ARTILLERY) . Thus about the close of the 16th century western armies differentiated themselves out into the still existing three types cavalry, artillery and infantry . Moreover, each type 17th- was subdivided, the cavalry becoming heavy, See also:

• MEDIUM

medium century OroSress, and dragoons . At this period there was nothing to disturb the See also:

• EQUILIBRIUM (from the Lat. aequus, equal, and libra, a balance)

equilibrium of two contending forces except the characters of their respective leaders . The See also:

• MERCENARY (Lat. mercenarius, from merces, reward, gain)

mercenary See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element had triumphed everywhere over the feudal levies . The moral qualities of all were on the same indifferent level, and battles in the open followed one recognized course . Neither army being able to outmarch the other, both See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up masses of pikes in parallel lines . The musketeers covered the deployment of the heavy guns on either side, the cavalry drew up on the wings and a strictly parallel fight ensued, for in the absence of a See also:

• COMMON

common cause for which men were willing to See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die, See also:

• PLUNDER

plunder was the ruling See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive, and all See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control and discipline melted in the excitement of the contest . It is to the growth of Protestantism that cavalry owes its next great forward leap . To sweep the battlefield, it was absolutely essential that men should be ready tc subordinate selfish considerations to the See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph of their cause . The Roman Catholicism of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day gave many loopholes for the evasion of clear See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty, but from these the reformed faith was See also:

• FREE

free, and it is to the reawakened sense of duty that Gustavus See also:

• ADOLPHUS, JOHN LEYCESTER (1795-1862)

Adolphus appealed .

This alone rendered combination amongst his subordinate leaders possible, and on this power of combination all his victories depended . Other cavalry soldiers, once let loose in the charge, could never be trusted to return to the field, the prospective plunder of the enemy's baggage being too strong a temptation; but the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's men could be depended on, and once brought back in formed bodies, they rode over the enemy's skirmishers and captured his batteries . Then the equilibrium of force was destroyed, and all arms combined made short See also:

• WORK

work of the. opposing infantry alone (See also:

• BREITENFELD

Breitenfeld, 1631) . But the See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish king perished with his work See also:

• HALF

half done, and matters reverted to their former condition until the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of See also:

• CROMWELL, HENRY (1628-1674)
• CROMWELL, OLIVER (1599-1658)
• CROMWELL, RICHARD (1626–1712)
• CROMWELL, THOMAS, EARL OF

Cromwell, another great See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader capable of animating his men with the spirit of devotion, again rendered the cavalry arm supreme . The essence of his success See also:

• LAY

lay in this, that his men were ready everywhere and always to lay down their lives for their common cause . Whether scouting 70 M. to the front of their army, or fighting dismounted to delay the enemy at defiles or to See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm fortified strongholds, or charging See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home on the battlefield, their will power, focused on, and in turn dependent on, the See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality of their great leader, dominated all human instincts of fear, rapacity or selfishness . It is true that they had not to ride against the modern See also:

• RIFLE

rifle, but it is equally true that there was no quick-firing artillery to carry terror through the enemy's army, and it was against masses of spearmen and musketeers, not then subjected to bursting shells or the lash of shrapnel and rifle bullets, that the final charges had always to be ridden home . Each succeeding See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade thereafter has seen a steady diminution in the ultimate power of resistance of the infantry, and a corresponding increase in the power of fire preparation at the disposal of the supreme leader; and the chances of cavalry have fluctuated with the genius of that leader in the employment of the means at his disposal, and the topographical conditions existing within each See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre of war . During the See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns in See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders, with its multiplicity of fortresses and clayey See also:

• SOIL

soil, cavalry rapidly degenerated into mounted infantry, throwing aside See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword and See also:

• LANCE

lance-See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof armour, and adopting long muskets and heavier See also:

• AMMUNITION

ammunition . Presently they abandoned the charge at a gallop and reverted to an approach at the trot, and if (as at See also:

• BLENHEIM (Ger. Blindheim)

Blenheim) their influence proved decisive on the field of battle, this was because the conditions were common to both combatants, and the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal influence of " See also:

• CORPORAL

Corporal See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John," as his soldiers called See also:

• MARLBOROUGH
• MARLBOROUGH, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• MARLBOROUGH, JOHN CHURCHILL, 1ST DUKE OF (1650-1722)

Marlborough, ensured greater steadiness and better co-operation . When See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick II. became king of See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia (1740), he found his cavalry almost at the See also:

• NADIR (Arabic nadir, " opposite to," used elliptically for nadir-es-semt, "opposite to the zenith ")

nadir of efficiency; even his See also:

• CUIRASSIERS

cuirassiers drilled principally on foot . " They can Frederick manoeuvre," on foot, " with the same precision as II.; reform my grenadiers, but unfortunately they are equally of the slow." His enemies the Austrians, thanks to their Prussian wars against the Turks who always charged at a cavalry. gallop, had maintained greater dash and mobility, and at Mollwitz the Prussians only escaped disaster by the astounding rapidity of their infantry fire .

In disgust the king then wrote, " Die Cavallerie is nicht einmal See also:

• WERTH [WEERT], JOHANN, COUNT VON (c. 1595-1652)

werth dasz sie der Teufel See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week holet," and he immediately set about their re-form with his usual See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy and thoroughness . Three years after Mollwitz, the result of his exertions was apparent in the greatly increased importance the arm acquired on the battlefield, and the charge of the See also:

• BAYREUTH, or BAIREUTH

Bayreuth dragoons at See also:

• HOHENFRIEDBERG, or HOHENFRIEDEBERG

Hohenfriedberg (See also:

• JUNE

June 4, 1745), who with 1500 horses rode over and dispersed 20 See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian battalions, bringing in 2500 prisoners and 67 See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours, will always rank as one of the most brilliant feats in military history.' The following years of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace (1745–1756) were devoted to the methodical preparation of the cavalry to meet the requirements that Frederick's methods of war would make upon them, and it is to this period that the student should devote See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention . From the very outbreak of the Seven Years' War (1956) this training asserted its influence, and See also:

• ROSSBACH

Rossbach (1957) and Zorndorf (1958) are the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal examples of what cavalry handled in masses can effect . At Rossbach General v . Seydlitz, at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of 38 squadrons, practically began and ended the destruction of the French army, and at Zorndorf he saved the day for the Prussians by a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of the most brilliant charges, which successively destroyed the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian right wing and centre . These battles so conclusively demonstrated the superiority of the Prussian cavalry that their enemies completely altered their tactical See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure . They now utilized their enormous numerical superiority by working in two See also:

• SEPARATE

separate armies, each almost as strong as the whole Prussian force . When the latter moved against either, the one threatened immediately threw up heavy entrenchments, against which cavalry were, of course, ineffective, whilst the other pursued its See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march . When Frederick, having more or less beaten his immediate opponent, ' The loss of the See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment was twenty-eight killed and sixty-six wounded . began to threaten the other army it entrenched likewise . Against these methods the Prussian army soon wore itself out, and though from time to time the cavalry locally distinguished itself, no further opportunities for great decisive blows presented them-selves . The increased demands made upon the mobility of the Prussian horsemen naturally resulted in the gradual rejection of everything which was not essential to their striking power .

The long muskets and bayonets were laid aside, but the See also:

• CUIRASS (Fr. cuirasse, Lat. coriaceus, made of leather, from corium, the original breastplate being of leather)

cuirass was retained for the melee, and by the close of the great struggle the various branches of the arm had differentiated themselves out into the types still adhered to, heavy cavalry, dragoons, hussars, whose equipment as regards essentials thenceforward hardly varied up to the latter- years of the loth century . The only striking difference lies in the entire rejection of the lance in the armament of the charging squadrons, and the See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason is characteristic of the principles of the day . The Prussian cavalry had realized that success was decided, not primarily by actual collision, but by the moral effect of the appearance of an absolutely closed wall of horse-men approaching the adversary at full speed . If the necessary degree of cohesion was attained, the other side was morally beaten before collision took place, and either turned to See also:

• FLIGHT

flight, or met the shock with so little See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution that it was ridden over without difficulty . In the former See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case any weapon was good enough to kill a flying enemy; in the latter, in the melee which then ensued, the crush in the ranks of the victors was still so great that the lance was a hindrance rather than a help . In the years succeeding the war the efficiency of the Prussian cavalry sank very rapidly, the initial cause being the See also:

• DEATH

death of Seydlitz at the early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of fifty-two . His personality had alone dominated the discontent, lethargy and hopelessness created'by ruthless See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial economies . When he was gone, as always in the absence of a great leader, men adapted their lives to the line of least resistance . In See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years the See also:

• WRECK

wreck was See also:

• COMPLETE

complete, and within the splendid squadrons which had been accustomed to manceuvre with perfect precision at the highest speed, there were (as F . A. von der Marwitz in his Nan/class clearly shows) not more than seven thoroughly trained men and horses to each, the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder being trained for little longer and receiving less attention than is the case with modern and line or See also:

• AUXILIARY (from Lat. auxilium, help)

auxiliary cavalry . For the See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation preceding the outbreak of the French Revolution, Frederick the Great's army, and especially his Cavalry cavalry, had become the model for all Europe, but in the the mainspring of the excellence of his squadrons revolu- was everywhere overlooked . Seydlitz had manceuvred tnottary great masses of horsemen, therefore every one 'else wam must have great masses also; but no nation grasped the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret, viz. the unconditional obedience of the horse to its rider, on which his success had depended .

Neither was it possible under the prevailing social conditions to secure the old See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp of horse, or the former attention to detail on the part of men and See also:

• OFFICERS

officers . In France, owing to the agricultural decay of the country, suitable remounts for charging cavalry were almost unobtainable, and as this particular See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the arm was almost exclusively commanded by the See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy it suffered most in the early days of the Revolution: The hussars, being chiefly recruited and officered by Alsatians and Germans from the Rhine provinces, retained their individuality and traditions much longer than the dragoons and cuirassiers, and, to the very close of the great wars, we find them always ready to charge at a gallop; but the unsteadiness and poor See also:

• HORSEMANSHIP

horsemanship of the other branches was so great that up to 1812, the See also:

• YEAR

year of their destruction, they always charged at a trot only, considering that the advantage of superior cohesion thus gained more than balanced the loss of momentum due to the slower See also:

• PACE (through O. Fr. pas, from Lat. passus, step, properly the stretch of the leg in walking, from pandere, to stretch)
• PACE, RICHARD (c. 1482-1536)

pace . Generally, the growth of the French cavalry service followed the universal See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . The best big horses went to the heavy charging cavalry, viz. the cuirassiers, the best light horses to the hussars, and the dragoons received the remainder, for in principle they were only infantry placed on horseback for convenience of loco-See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion, and were not primarily intended for combined mounted action . Fortunately for them, their principal adversaries, the Austrians, had' altogether failed to grasp the See also:

• LESSON (through Fr. lecon from Lat. lectio, reading; legere, to read)

lesson of the Seven Years' War . See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

Writing in 178o See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel Mack, a very capable officer, said, " Even in1769, the cavalry could not ride, could not See also:

• MANAGE

manage to control their horses . Not a single squadron could keep its dressing at a gallop, and before they had gone fifty yards at least ten out of See also:

• FORTY

forty horses in the first rank would break out to the front," and though the See also:

• VETERAN

veteran field See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal See also:

• LACY, FRANZ MORITZ, COUNT (1725-1801)
• LACY, HARRIETTE DEBORAH (1807-1874)
• LACY, MICHAEL ROPHINO (1795–1867)

Lacy issued new regulations, their spirit seems always to have escaped the executive officers . The See also:

• BRITISH

British cavalry was almost worse off, for See also:

• ECONOMY

economy had reduced its squadrons to See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere skeletons, and the traditional British See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of horsemanship, radically different from that in See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue in France, made their training for combined action even more difficult than elsewhere . Hence the history of cavalry during the earlier campaigns of the Revolution is marked by no decisive triumphs, the results are always in-adequate when judged by the magnitude of the forces employed, and only the brilliant exploit of the 15th Light Dragoons (now Hussars) at Villers en Couche (See also:

• APRIL

April 24, 1794) deserves to be cited as an instance of the extraordinary influence which even a few horsemen can exercise over a demoralized or untrained See also:

• MOB

mob of infantry . Up to the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of Poland (see NAPoLEo c CAMPAIGNS) French victories were won chiefly by the brilliant infantry fighting, cavalry only intervening (as at See also:

• JENA

Jena) to charge a beaten enemy and complete his destruction by pursuit . But after the terrible See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste of See also:

• LIFE

life in the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter of 1806-7i and the appalling losses in battle, See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon introduced a new form of attack . The case-shot preparation of his artillery (see ARTILLERY) sowed confusion and terror in the enemy's ranks, and the opportunity was used by masses of cavalry .

Henceforward this method dominated the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic tactics and strategy . The essential difference between this See also:

• SYSTEM

system and the Frederician lies in this, that with the artillery available in the former period it was not possible to say in advance at what point the intervention of cavalry would be necessary, hence the need for speed and precision of manceuvre to ensure their arrival at the right time and place . Napoleon now selected beforehand the point he meant to overwhelm and could bring his cavalry masses within striking distance at leisure . Once placed, it was only necessary to induce them to run away in the required direction to overwhelm everything by sheer weight of men and horses, • This method failed at See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo because the ground was too heavy; the slope of it against the charge, and the whole condition of the horses too See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low for the exertion demanded of them . The British cavalry from- t to 1815 suffered from the same causes which at the beginning of the aoth century brought about its breakdown in the South African War . Over-See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea transport brought the horses to See also:

• LAND

land in poor condition, and it was rarely possible to afford them sufficient time to recover and become accustomed to the change in See also:

• FORAGE

forage, the conditions of the particular theatre of operations, &c., before they had to be led against the enemy—hence a • heavy casualty See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

roll and the introduction into the ranks , of raw unbroken horses which interfered with the precision of manceuvre of the remainder . Their losses (about 13% per annum) were small as compared with those of South Africa, but this is mainly accounted for by the fact that, operations being generally in the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern hemisphere, the change of See also:

• CLIMATE

climate was never so severe . Tactically, they suffered, like the Austrians and Prussians, from the absence of any conception of the Napoleonic strategy amongst their principal leaders . As it was not known where the great See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow was to fall, they were distributed along the whole line, and thus became habituated to the idea of operating in relatively small bodies . This is the worst school for the cavalry soldier, because it is only when -working in masses of forty to sixty squadrons that the cumulative consequences of small errors of detail become so apparent as to convince all ranks of the necessity of conforming accurately to established prescriptions . Nevertheless, they still retained the practice of charging at a gallop, and as a whole were by far the most efficient See also:

• BODY

body of horsemen who survived at the close of the great wars . In the reaction that then ensued all over Europe, cavalry practically ceased to exist .

The financial and agricultural exhaustion of all countries, and of Prussia in particular, was so complete that See also:

• MONEY

money was nowhere to be found for the great concentrations and manoeuvre practices which are Darer more essential to the efficiency of the cavalry than to 19th century. that of the other arms . Hence a whole generation of officers See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up in See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance of the fundamental principles which govern the employment of their arm . It was not till 1848 that the Prussians began again to unite whole cavalry divisions for See also:

• DRILL

drill and manoeuvre, and the soldiers of the older generation had not yet passed away when the campaigns of 1866 and 1870 brought up again the realities of the battle-field . Meanwhile the introduction of long-range artillery and small arms had entirely destroyed the tactical relation of the three arms on which the Napoleonic tactics and strategy had been based, and the idea gained ground that the battle-field would no longer afford the same opportunities to cavalry as before . The experiences gained by the Americans in the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil War helped to confirm this preconception . If in battles waged between infantries armed only with muzzle-loading rifles, cavalry could find no opportunity to repeat past exploits, it was argued that its chances could not fail to be still further reduced by the See also:

• BREECH (common in early forms to Teutonic languages)

breech-loader . But this reasoning ignored the principal factors of former successes . The mounted men in See also:

• AMERICA

America failed not as a See also:

• CON

con-sequence of the armament they encountered, but because the war brought out no Napoleon to create by his skill the opportunity for decisive cavalry action, and to See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass his men beforehand in confident anticipation . The same reasoning applies to the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European campaigns of 1866 and 187o, and the results obtained by the arm were so small, in proportion to the See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of squadrons available and to their cost of See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance as compared with the other arms, that a strong reaction set in everywhere against the existing institutions, and the re-creation of the See also:

• DRAGOON (Fr. dragon, Ger. Dragoner)

dragoon, under the new name of mounted rifleman, was advocated in the See also: