See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

WILLIAM See also:

• WILLIAM CAXTON (c. 1422-1491)

CAXTON (c. 1422-1491)  , the first See also:

• ENGLISH

English printer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born somewhere in the See also:

• WEALD, THE

Weald of See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent, perhaps at See also:

• TENTERDEN
• TENTERDEN, CHARLES ABBOTT

Tenterden . The name, which was apparently pronounced Cauxton, is identical with Causton, the name of a See also:

• MANOR

manor in the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish of Hadlow, and was a fairly See also:

• COMMON

common surname in the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The date of See also:

• CAXTON, WILLIAM (c. 1422-1491)

Caxton's See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth was arbitrarily fixed in 1748 by See also:

• OLDYS, WILLIAM (1696-1761)

Oldys as 1412 . See also:

• BLADES, WILLIAM (1824-1890)

Blades, however, inferred that in 1438, when he was apprenticed to See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Large, he would not have been more than sixteen years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . This would See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place his birth in 1422-1423 . Robert Large was a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• SILK

silk See also:

• MERCER (through Fr. mercier, from popular Lat. mercerius, a dealer, merx, merces, merchandise)

mercer who became See also:

• SHERIFF

sheriff in 1430 and See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor of See also:

• LONDON

London in 1439, and the fact of Caxton's See also:

• APPRENTICESHIP (from Fr. apprendre, to learn)

apprenticeship to him argues that Caxton's own parents were in a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good position . Large died in 1441, leaving a small be-quest to Caxton, and his executors would be See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to place the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man where he could finish his See also:

• TERM

term . He was probably sent See also:

• DIRECT

direct to See also:

• BRUGES (Flemish Brugge, a name signifying the bridge or place of bridges)

Bruges, then the central See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market of the Anglo-Flemish See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, for he presently entered business there on his own; See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account . In 1450 his name appears in the Bruges records as See also:

• STANDING

standing See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint See also:

• SURETY

surety for the sum of See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo; and in 1463 he was acting See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the See also:

• COMPANY

company of See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

Merchant Adventurers in the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Countries . This association, sometimes known as the " English Nation," was dominated by the Mercers' Company, to the See also:

• LIVERY

livery of which Caxton had been formally admitted in London in 1453 . The first governor, appointed in terms of a See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter granted by See also:

• EDWARD

Edward IV. in 1462, was W . Obray, but Caxton's position is definitely asserted in 1464 .

In that See also:

• YEAR

year he was appointed, together with See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard Whitehill, to negotiate with See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy, the renewal of a treaty concerning the See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool trade, which was about to expire . These attempts failed, but he was again employed, with two other members of the Mercers' Company, in a similar but successful See also:

• MISSION

mission in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1468 to the new duke, See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles the Bold, who earlier in the year had married Princess See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, See also:

• SISTER

sister of Edward IV . The last mention of Caxton in the capacity of governor of the " English Nation " is on the 13th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1469, and it was probably about that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time that he entered the See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household of the duchess Margaret, possibly in the position of commercial adviser . In his See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic mission in 1468 he had been associated with Lord Scales, afterwards See also:

• EARL

Earl See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

Rivers and one of his See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief patrons, and at the Burgundian See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court he must have come in See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with Edward IV. during his brief See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile in 1470 . He had begun his See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the popular See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• ROMANCE

romance of See also:

• TROY
• TROY, JEAN FRANCOIS DE (1679–1752)

Troy, The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye, from the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French of Raoul le Fevre, See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 1469; and, after laying it aside for some time, he resumed it at the wish of the duchess Margaret, to whom the MS. was presented in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1471 . During his See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-three years' See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence in Bruges Caxton would have See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to the rich. See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries of the duke of Burgundy and other nobles, and about this time he learned the See also:

• ART

art of See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing . His See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple, Wynkyn de Worde, says that he was taught at See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne, probably during a visit there in 1471, recorded in the See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface to 588 the Recuyell; Blades suggests that he learnt from Colard See also:

• MANSION (through O. Fr. mansion, mod. maison, from Lat. mansio, dwelling-place, stage on a journey; manere, to remain)

Mansion, but there is no See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence that Mansion set up his See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press at Bruges before 1474 . He ceased to be a member of the gild of St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John (a gild of illuminators) in 1473, and the first dated See also:

• BOOK

book he is known to have printed is dated 1476 . Mansion and Caxton were partners or associates at Bruges, where Caxton printed his Recuyell in 1474 or 1475 . His second book, The See also:

• GAME

Game and Playe of Chesse, from the See also:

• LIBER

Liber de ludo scacchorum of Jacobus de Cessolis through the French of Jehan de Vignay, was finished in 1474, and printed soon after; the last book printed by Mansion and Caxton at Bruges was the Quatre derrenieres choses, an See also:

• ANONYMOUS

anonymous See also:

• TREATISE

treatise usually known as De quattuor novissimis . Other books in the same type were printed by Mansion at Bruges after Caxton's departure . By September 1476 Caxton had established himself in the See also:

• ALMONRY (Lat. eleemosynarium, Fr. aumonerie, Ger. Almosenhaus)

almonry at See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster at the sign of the Red See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

Pale .

Robert See also:

• COPLAND, ROBERT (fi. 1515)

Copland the printer, who was afterwards one of Caxton's assist-ants, states that Caxton began by printing small See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets . The first dated book printed in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England was Lord Rivers's translation (revised by Caxton) of The Dictes or sayengis of the philosophres (1477) . From this time until his See also:

• DEATH

death in 1491 Caxton was busy See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing and printing . His services to English literature, apart from his See also:

• WORK

work as a printer (see See also:

• TYPOGRAPHY (i.e. writing by types)

TYPOGRAPHY), are very considerable . His most important See also:

• ORIGINAL

original work is an eighth book added to the Polychronicon (vol. viii. in the Rolls See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

Series edition) of See also:

• RALPH (d. 1122)

Ralph Higden . Caxton revised and printed John of Trevisa's work, and brought down the narrative himself from 1358 to 1460, using as his authorities Fasciculus temporum, a popular work in the 15th century, and an unknown Aureus de universo . In the year before his death he complained in the preface to his Eneydos of the changing See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the English See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, a See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of things which he did as much as any man to remedy . He printed See also:

• CHAUCER, GEOFFREY (? 1340-1400)

Chaucer's See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury Tales (1478? and 1483), See also:

• TROILUS

Troilus and Creseide (1483 ?), the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of Fame (1483 ?), and the translation of Boethius (1478?); See also:

• GOWER
• GOWER, JOHN (d. 1408)

Gower's Confessio Amantis (1483), and many poems of See also:

• LYDGATE, JOHN (c. 1370–c. 1451)

Lydgate . His press was, however, not worked for purely See also:

• LITERARY

literary ends, but was a commercial See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation . For the many service-books which he printed there was no doubt a sure See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale, and he met the See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste of the upper classes by the tales of See also:

• CHIVALRY (O. Fr. chevalerie, from Late Lat. caballerius)

chivalry which issued regularly from his press . He printed See also:

• MALORY, SIR THOMAS

Malory's Morte d' See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur, and himself translated from the French the Boke of Histories of See also:

• JASON ('Iaacov)

Jason (1477 ?), The Historye of Reynart the See also:

• FOXE, JOHN (1516-1587)

Foxe (from the Dutch, 1481 and 1489?), See also:

• GODFREY, SIR EDMUND BERRY (1621-1678)

Godfrey of Boloyne or The See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

Siege and Conqueste of Jherusalem (1481), The Lyf of Charles the Grete (1485), The Knyght Parys and the Fayr Vyenne (1485), Blanchardyn and See also:

• EGLANTINE (E. Frisian, egeltiere; Fr. aiglantier)

Eglantine (1489?), The Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1489?); also the Morale See also:

• PROVERBS, BOOK OF (Heb. Mishle Slzelomoh, " Proverbs of Solomon," abridged by the later Jews to Mishle; Septuagint, irapotpiai or II. EaX.; Lat. Vulg. Parabolae sal. and Liber proverbiorum)

Proverbs (1478), and the Fayttes of Armes and of Chyualrye (1489) of Christine de See also:

• PISAN, CHRISTINE DE (1364-c. 1430)

Pisan . The most ambitious See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of his press was perhaps his version of the See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

Legend, the translation of which he finished in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1483 .

It is based on the lives of the See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints as given in the 13th century Legenda aurea of Jacobus de Voragine, but Caxton chiefly used existing French and English versions for his compilation . The book is illustrated by seventy woodcuts, and Caxton says he was only encouraged to persevere in his laborious and expensive task by the liberality of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William, earl of See also:

• ARUNDEL
• ARUNDEL, EARLDOM OF
• ARUNDEL, EARLS OF
• ARUNDEL, THOMAS (1353-1414)

Arundel . The idleness which he so often deprecates in his prefaces was no See also:

• VICE

vice of his, for in addition to his voluminous See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations his output as a printer was over 18,000 pages, and he published ninety-six See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• WORKS

works or See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of works, with apparently little skilled assistance, though later printers, Wynkyn de Worde, Robert Copland and possibly Richard Pynson, were trained under him . The different founts of type used by Caxton are illustrated by Blades and See also:

• DUFF, ALEXANDER (1806-1878)

Duff, and there is an excellent selection of Caxtons in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum, in the University library at See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, besides those in private hands . A See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price for a Caxton was reached in 1902 when Mr See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard See also:

• QUARITCH, BERNARD (1819-1899)

Quaritch paid £2225 for The Royal Book (1487?), a translation of the popular See also:

• SOMME

Somme See also:

• DES

des vices et des vertus . His books have no See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title-pages, and from 1487 onwards are usually adorned with a curious See also:

• DEVICE

device, consisting of the letters W . C. separated by a trade See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark, with an elaborateborder above and below . The flourishes on the trade mark have been fancifully interpreted as S.C. for Sancta Colonia, implying that Caxton learnt his art at Cologne, and the whole mark has been read as 74, for 1474, the date of his first printed book . This device was first used in an edition of the Sarum See also:

• MISSAL

missal, printed for Caxton by See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Maynial in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and was subsequently adopted with small alterations by his successor at the Westminster press, Wynkyn de Worde . The first of his books containing woodcut illustrations was his Myrrour of the See also:

• WORLD

World (1481), translated from See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent de See also:

• BEAUVAIS

Beauvais, which has diagrams and pictures for the assistance of young students . He had used a woodcut initial See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter in his See also:

• BROADSIDE

broadside See also:

• INDULGENCE (Lat. indulgentia, indulgere, to grant, concede)

Indulgence printed in 1480 . No record of Caxton's See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage or of the birth of his See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children has been found, but See also:

• GERARD (c. 1040-1120)
• GERARD (d. I1o8)
• GERARD, ETIENNE MAURICE, COUNT (1773–1852)
• GERARD, FRANCOIS, BARON (1770-1837)
• GERARD, JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE (1803-1847)
• GERARD, JOHN (1545-1612)
• GERARD, or GIRARD, AUDRAN

Gerard Croppe was separated from his wife See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth, daughter of William Caxton, before 1496, when Croppe made certain claims in connexion with his See also:

• FATHER

father-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law's will .