See also:

• CAYENNE

CAYENNE See also:

• PEPPER
• PEPPER, WILLIAM (1843–1898)

PEPPER (See also:

• GUINEA

GUINEA PEPPER, See also:

• SPANISH

SPANISH PEPPER, CHILLY)  , a preparation from the dried See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit of various See also:

• SPECIES

species of See also:

• CAPSICUM

Capsicum,a genus of the natural See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order See also:

• SOLANACEAE

Solanaceae . The true peppers are members of a totally distinct order, Piperaceae . The fruits of See also:

• PLANTS

plants of the genus Capsicum have all a strong, pungent flavour . The capsicums See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear a greenish-See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower, with a See also:

• STAR

star-shaped corolla and five anthers See also:

• STANDING

standing up in the centre of the flower like a See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube, through which projects the slender See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style . The pod-like fruit consists of an envelope at first fleshy and afterwards leathery, within which are the spongy pulp and several seeds . The plants are herbaceous or shrubby; the leaves are entire, and. alternate, or in pairs near one another; the See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers are solitary and do not arise in the See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf-axils . There are about See also:

• THIRTY

thirty species, natives of Central and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICA

America . They are now grown in various parts of the See also:

• WORLD

world, both for the See also:

• SAKE

sake of the fruit and for See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual sorts are sown from See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March to the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of See also:

• APRIL

April under a See also:

• FRAME

frame . They can be planted out when 2 or 3 in. high, and in See also:

• JUNE

June may be transferred to a See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• SOIL

soil in the open See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden . They flower in See also:

• JULY

July or See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, and produce pods from August till the end of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September . The perennial and shrubby kinds may be wintered in a conservatory .

Several species or varieties are used to make See also:

• CAYENNE

cayenne See also:

• PEPPER
• PEPPER, WILLIAM (1843–1898)

pepper . The annual or See also:

• COMMON

common capsicum (C. annuum), the See also:

• GUINEA

Guinea pepper plant, was brought to See also:

• EUROPE

Europe by the Spaniards, and was grown in England in 1548 . It is indigenous to South America, but is now cultivated in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey, with the other species of capsicum . It is a See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

hardy herbaceous plant, which attains a height of 2 or 3 ft . There are numerous cultivated forms, differing in the shape and See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour of the pod, which varies from more or less roundish to narrow-conical, with a smooth or wrinkled coat, and white, yellow, red or See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black in colour . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal source of cayenne pepper is C. frutescens, the See also:

• SPUR (A.S. spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. M.H.G. sporn, mod. Ger. Sporn)

spur or See also:

• GOAT (a common Teut. word; O. Eng. gat, Goth. gaits, Mod. Ger. Geiss, cognate with Lat. haedus, a kid)

goat pepper, a See also:

• DWARF (A.S. dweorg, D. dwerg, Icel. dvergr)

dwarf See also:

• SHRUB

shrub, a native of South America, but commonly cultivated in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Indies . It produces a small, narrow, See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright red pod, having very pungent properties . C. teiragonum, or See also:

• BONNET
• BONNET, CHARLES (172o–1793)

bonnet pepper, is a species much esteemed in See also:

• JAMAICA

Jamaica; it bears very fleshy fruits . Other well-known kinds of capsicum are the See also:

• CHERRY

cherry pepper (C. cerasiforme), with small berries; See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell pepper (C. grossum ), which has thick and pulpy fruit, well adapted for pickling; and See also:

• BERRY, CHARLES ALBERT (1852-1899)
• BERRY, CHARLES FERDINAND
• BERRY, JOHN, DUKE OF (1340-1416)
• BERRY, or BERRI

berry or See also:

• BIRD

bird pepper (C. baccatum) . The last mentioned has been grown in England since 1731; its fruit is globular, and about the See also:

• SIZE

size of a cherry . The See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• INDIAN

Indian stomachic See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man-dram is prepared by mashing a few pods of bird pepper and mixing them with sliced See also:

• CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus, Fr. concombre, O. Fr. coucombre, whence the older English spelling and pronunciation " cowcumber," the standard in England up to the beginning of the 18th century)

cucumber and shallots, to which have been added a little See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime-juice and See also:

• MADEIRA
• MADEIRA, or THE MADE1RAS

Madeira See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine . Chillies,the dried ripe or unripe fruit of capsicums, especially C. annuum and C. frutescens, are used to make chilly-See also:

• VINEGAR

vinegar, as well as for pickles .

Cayenne pepper is manufactured from the ripe fruits, which are dried, ground, mixed with See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat See also:

• FLOUR

flour, and made into cakes with yeast; the cakes are baked till hard like See also:

• BISCUIT (pronounced according to the old spelling " bisket," a Fr. form from Lat. bis, twice, and coctum, cooked, in reference to the original method of preparation; cf. Ital. biscotto, Sp. bizcocho, &c.)

biscuit, and then ground and sifted . The pepper is sometimes prepared by simply drying the pods and pounding them See also:

• FINE

fine in a See also:

• MORTAR

mortar . Cayenne pepper is occasionally adulterated with red See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead, See also:

• VERMILION

vermilion, ochre, See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, ground-See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice and See also:

• TURMERIC (from Fr. terre Write, turmeric, Lat. terra merita, deserved, i.e. excellent earth; Skeat suggests that it is a barbarous corruption, perhaps of Arabic karkam, kurkum, saffron or curcuma)

turmeric . The See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste of the pepper is impaired by exposure to See also:

• DAMP

damp and the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat of the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun . Chillies have been in use from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time immemorial; they are eaten in See also:

• GREAT

great quantity by the See also:

• PEOPLE

people of See also:

• GUIANA (Guyana, Guayana')

Guiana and other warm countries, and in Europe are largely consumed both as a spice and as See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine . The dried ripe fruit of Capsicum frutescens from See also:

• ZANZIBAR

Zanzibar, known as pod pepper and Guinea pepper, is See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official in the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• PHARMACOPOEIA (lit. the art of the OapµaK07robbs, or drug-compounder)

Pharmacopoeia under the name Capsici Fructus . The fruit has a characteristic, pungent odour and an intensely See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter taste . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief constituents are a crystallizable See also:

• RESIN (through O.Fr. resine, modern reline, from Lat. resina, prcbably Latinized from Greek Pirivrt, resin)

resin, capsaicin, a volatile See also:

• ALKALOID

alkaloid, capsicine and a volatile oil . The dose is 1-1 See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain . The British Pharmacopoeia contains two preparations of capsicum, a See also:

• TINCTURE (Fr. teinture, Lat. tinctura, tingere, to dye, stain)

tincture (dose 5-15 minims) and an ointment . Externally the See also:

• DRUG
• DRUG (from Fr. drogue, a word common in Romance languages, cf. Span. and Ital. droga; the origin of the word is obscure, but may possibly be connected with Dutch droog, dry)

drug has the usual See also:

• ACTION

action of a volatile oil, being a very powerful See also:

• COUNTER

counter-irritant . It does not, however, cause pustulation .

Its See also:

• INTERNAL

internal action is also that of its class, but itsmarked contact properties make it specially useful in gastriatony and flatulence, and sometimes in See also:

• HYSTERIA

hysteria .