See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

CEDAR (See also:

• LAT

Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)  , a name applied to several members of the natural See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order Coniferae . The word has been derived from the Arabic Kedr, See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth or value, or from Kedrat, strong, and has been supposed by some to have taken its origin from the See also:

• BROOK

brook Kedron, in See also:

• JUDAEA

Judaea . Cedrus Libani, the far-famed See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

Cedar of See also:

• LEBANON
• LEBANON (from Semitic laban, " to be white," or " whitish," probably referring not to snow, but to the bare white walls ofchalk or limestone which form the characteristic feature of the whole range)

Lebanon, is a See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree which, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of its beauty, stateliness and strength, has always been a favourite with poets and painters, and which, in the • figurative See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of prophecy, is frequently employed in the Scriptures as a See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol of See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, prosperity and See also:

• LONGEVITY

longevity . It grows to a See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical height of ,from 50 to 8o ft.—" exalted above all trees of the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field "—and at an See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of about 6000 ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level . In the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young. tree, the See also:

• BOLE

bole is straight and upright, and one or two leading branches rise above the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest . As the tree increases in See also:

• SIZE

size, however, the upper branches. become mingled together, and the tree is then See also:

• CLUMP

clump-headed .. Numerous lateral ramifying branches spread out from the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk in a See also:

• VITRUVIUS (MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO)

Vitruvius ;"cedars " were growing in See also:

• CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete, See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa and See also:

• SYRIA

Syria . See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny says that their See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood was See also:

• EVERLASTING, or IMMORTELLE

everlasting, and therefore images of the gods were made of it; he makes mention also of the oil of cedar, or cedrium, distilled from the wood, and used by the ancients for preserving their books from moths and See also:

• DAMP

damp; papyri anointed or rubbed with cedrium were on this account called ced ati libri . Drawers of cedar or chips of the wood are now employed to protect furs and woollen stuffs from injury by moths . Cedar-wood, however, is said to be injurious to natural See also:

• HISTORY

history See also:

• OBJECTS

objects, and to See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments placed in cabinets made of it, as the resinous See also:

• MATTER

matter of the wood becomes deposited upon them . Cedria, or cedar See also:

• RESIN (through O.Fr. resine, modern reline, from Lat. resina, prcbably Latinized from Greek Pirivrt, resin)

resin, is a substance similar to See also:

• MASTIC, or MASTICH (Gr. µao-rixrt, probably connected with µaoavOai, to chew, since mastic is used in the East as a chewing gum)

mastic, that flows from incisions in the tree; and cedar See also:

• MANNA

manna is a sweet exudation from its branches . The genus Cedrus contains two other See also:

• SPECIES

species closely allied to C .

Liban—Cedrus Deodara, the deodar, or " See also:

• GOD

god tree " of the Himalayas, and Cedrus atlantica, of the See also:

• ATLAS

Atlas range, See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Africa., The deodar forms forests on the mountains of See also:

• AFGHANISTAN

Afghanistan, North Beluchistan and the north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west Himalayas, flourishing in all the higher mountains from See also:

• NEPAL, NEPAUL

Nepal up to See also:

• KASHMIR, or CASHMERE

Kashmir, at an elevation of from 5500 to 12,000 ft.; on the peaks to the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the.Boorung Pass it grows to a height of 6o to 70 ft. before branching . The wood is See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close-grained, See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-fibred, perfumed and highly resinous, and resists the See also:

• ACTION

action of See also:

• WATER

water . The foliage is of a paler See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green, the leaves are slender and longer, and the twigs are thinner than those of C . Libani . The tree is employed for a variety of useful purposes, especially in See also:

• BUILDING

building . It is now much cultivated in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England as an ornamental plant . C.' atlantica, the Atlas cedar, has shorter and denser leaves than C . Liban; the leaves are See also:

• GLAUCOUS (Gr. yAavK6s, bright, gleaming)

glaucous, sometimes of a silvery whiteness, and the cones smaller than in the other two forms; its wood also is hard, and more rapid in growth than is that of the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary cedar . It is found at an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude above the sea of from 4000 to 6000 ft . The name cedar is applied to a variety of trees, including species of several genera of Conifers, Juniperus, Thuja, Libocedrus and Cupressus . Thuja gigantea of western North See also:

• AMERICA

America is known in the See also:

• UNITED

United States as See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White (or Yellow) cedar, and the same name is applied to Cupressus Lawsoniana, the See also:

• PORT

Port See also:

• ORFORD
• ORFORD, EDWARD RUSSELL, EARL OF (1653-1727)
• ORFORD, ROBERT WALPOLE, 1ST EARL OF (1676-1745)

Orford or See also:

• OREGON

Oregon cedar, a native of the north-west States, and one of the most valuable See also:

• JUNIPER

juniper trees of North America . The Bermuda cedar (Juniperus bermudiana) and the red or See also:

• AMERICAN

American cedar (J. virginiana) are both much used in See also:

• JOINERY

joinery and in the manufacture of pencils; though other See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods are now superseding them for See also:

• PENCIL (Lat. penicillus, brush, literally little tail)

pencil-making .

The See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese cedar (See also:

• CRYPTOMERIA, or JAPANESE CEDAR

Cryptomeria japonica) is a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• CYPRESS (Cupressus)

cypress, the wood of which is very durable . Another species of cypress (Cupressus thyoides, also known as Chamaecyparis thyoides or sphaeroidea), found in swamps in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• OHIO

Ohio and See also:

• MASSACHUSETTS (an Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of Indians)

Massachusetts, is known as the American white cedar . It has small leaves and fibrous bark, the wood is See also:

• LIGHT

light, soft and easily-worked, and very durable in contact with the See also:

• SOIL

soil, and is much used for See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat-building and for making fences and coopers' staves . The See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish cedar is a name applied to Juniperus thurifera, a native of the western Mediterranean region, and also to another species, J . Oxycedrus, a See also:

• COMMON

common plant in the Mediterranean 'region, forming a See also:

• SHRUB

shrub or See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low tree with spreading branches and See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, stiff, prickly leaves . The latter was much used by the Greeks for making images; and its empyreumatic oil, Huile de See also:

• CADE, JOHN (d. 1450)

Cade, is used medicinally for skin-diseases . A species of cypress, Cupressus lusitanica, which has been naturalized in the neighbourhood of See also:

• CINTRA

Cintra is known as the cedar of See also:

• GOA

Goa . The genus Widdringtonia of tropical and South Africa is also known locally as cedar . W. juniperoides is the characteristic tree of the Cederberg range in Cape See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

Colony, while W . Whytei, recently discovered in Nyasaland and See also:

• RHODESIA (so named after Cecil Rhodes)

Rhodesia (the Mlanje cedar) is a See also:

• FINE

fine tree reaching 150 ft. in height, and yielding an ornamental light yellow-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown wood, suitable for building . The order Cedrelaceae (which is entirely distinct from the Conifers) includes, along with the mahoganies and other valuable See also:

• TIMBER

timber-trees, the See also:

• JAMAICA

Jamaica and the Australian red cedars, Cedrela odorata, and C . Toona respectively .

The cedar-wood of See also:

• GUIANA (Guyana, Guayana')

Guiana, used for making canoes, is a species of the natural order See also:

• BUR, or BURR (apparently the same word as Danish borre, burdock, cf. Swed. kard-boore)

Bur-seraceae, Icica altissima . It is a large tree, reaching too ft. in height, the wood is easily worked, fragrant and durable . See See also:

• GORDON
• GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY (1833—1870)
• GORDON, ALEXANDER (c. 1692—c. 1754)
• GORDON, CHARLES GEORGE (1833-'885)
• GORDON, LEON
• GORDON, LORD GEORGE (1751-1793)
• GORDON, PATRICK (1635–1699)
• GORDON, SIR JOHN WATSON (1788—1864)

Gordon's Pinetum; Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, Histoire du cedre du Liban (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1838) ; Loudon, See also:

• ARBORETUM

Arboretum Britannicum, vol. iv. pp . 2404-2432 (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1839) ; See also:

• MARQUIS

Marquis de Chambray, Traite pratique See also:

• DES

des arbres resineux coniferes (Paris, 1845) ; J . D . See also:

• HOOKER, JOSEPH (1814–1879)
• HOOKER, RICHARD (1553-1600)
• HOOKER, SIR JOSEPH DALTON (1817— English botanist and traveller, second son of the famous botanist Sir W.J.Hooker, was born on the 3oth of June 1817, at Halesworth, Suffolk. He was educated at Glasgow University, and almost immediately after taking his M.
• HOOKER, SIR WILLIAM JACKSON (1785–1865)
• HOOKER, THOMAS (1586–1647)

Hooker, Nat . Hist . See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review (See also:

• JANUARY

January, 1862), pp . 11-18; See also:

• BRANDIS, CHRISTIAN AUGUST (1790–1867)

Brandis, See also:

• FOREST

Forest See also:

• FLORA

Flora of North-west and Central See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, pp . 516-525 (London, 1874) ; See also:

• VEITCH, JOHN (1829-1894)

Veitch, See also:

• MANUAL

Manual of Coniferae (2nd ed., London, 1900) .