See also:

• CEILING (from a verb " to ceil," i.e. to line or cover; of disputed etymology, but apparently connected with Fr. ciel, Lat. caelum, sky)

CEILING (from a verb " to ceil," i.e. to See also:

• LINE

line or See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover; of disputed See also:

• ETYMOLOGY (Gr. grvµos, true, and X6yos, "account)

etymology, but apparently connected with Fr. ciel, See also:

• LAT

Lat. caelum, See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky)  , in See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture, the upper covering of a See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall or See also:

• ROOM

room . Ceilings are now usually formed of See also:

• PLASTER

plaster, but in former times they were commonly either boarded (of which St Albans See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral is perhaps the earliest example), or showed the beams and joists, which in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England were moulded and carved, and in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy were richly painted and gilded . Sometimes the ceilings were See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal, sometimes canted on two sides, and sometimes they take the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a See also:

• BARREL (a word of uncertain origin common to Romance languages; the Celtic forms, as in the Gaelic baraill, are derived from the English)

barrel-vault . Ribs are sometimes planted on the boarding to See also:

• DIVIDE

divide up the See also:

• SURFACE

surface, and their intersections are enriched with bosses . About the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the ceilings were formed in plaster with projecting ribs, interlaced See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament and pendants, and the characteristics of the Elizabethan See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style . At Bramall Hall, See also:

• BROUGHTON, HUGH (1549-1612)
• BROUGHTON, JOHN CAM HOBHOUSE, BARON (1786-1869)

Broughton See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle, See also:

• HATFIELD

Hatfield, Knowle, Sizergh and Levens in See also:

• WESTMORLAND
• WESTMORLAND, EARLS OF

Westmorland, and Dorfold in See also:

• CHESHIRE

Cheshire, are numerous examples, some with pendants . In Italy, at the same See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, the plaster ceilings were based on the forms taken by vaulting; they were of See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

infinite variety and were richly decorated with sunk panels containing the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman conventional foliage . See also:

• RAPHAEL (Hebrew smm, " God heals ")

Raphael, about 1520, reproduced in the Vatican some of the See also:

• STUCCO (Ital. stucco, adapted from O.H.G. stucchi, crust, piece, patch, Ger. Stuck, piece, allied to stock)

stucco-duro ornament which he had studied in the See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero, excavated under his directions . Later, about the middle of the 16th century, See also:

• GREAT

great coves were formed See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the room, which were decorated with cartouches and figures in See also:

• RELIEF

relief, garlands and swags . The great halls of the Ducal See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

Palace at See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice and the galleries of the Pitti Palace at See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence were ceiled in this way . These coved ceilings were introduced into England in the middle of the 17th century . In Holyrood Palace at See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh there is a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• CEILING (from a verb " to ceil," i.e. to line or cover; of disputed etymology, but apparently connected with Fr. ciel, Lat. caelum, sky)

ceiling of 1671, with figures (probably executed by See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian craftsmen) and floral wreaths .

See also:

• CELEBES

CELEBES At Coleshill, See also:

• BERKSHIRE [abbreviated Berks, pronounced Berkshire]
• BERKSHIRE, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1587–1669)

Berkshire, a ceiling by Inigo See also:

• JONES
• JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
• JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
• JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
• JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
• JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
• JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
• JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
• JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
• JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
• JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
• JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
• JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
• JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
• JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
• JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)

Jones (165o) shows a type which became more or less universal for a century, viz. deeply sunk panels with modillions round, and bands enriched with foliage, See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, &c., in bold relief . See also:

• WREN (O. Eng. wrcknna, Mid. Eng. wrenne; Icel. rindill)
• WREN, SIR CHRISTOPHER (1632-1723)

Wren, See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas See also:

• HAWKS, FRANCIS LISTER (1798-1866)

Hawks-See also:

• MOOR

moor, See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• GIBBS, JOSIAH WILLARD (1839-1903)
• GIBBS, OLIVER WOLCOTT (1822-1908)

Gibbs, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• WEBB, MATTHEW (1848-1883)
• WEBB, SIDNEY (1859– )

Webb and other architects continued on the same lines, and in 176o See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam introduced his type of ceiling, sometimes horizontal, and sometimes segmental, in which panels are suggested only, with slight projecting lines and rings of leaves, swags and See also:

• ARABESQUE

arabesque See also:

• WORK

work, which, like Raphael's, was found on the ceilings of the Roman tombs and See also:

• BATHS

baths in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome and See also:

• POMPEII

Pompeii . See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• RICHARDSON, GEORGE
• RICHARDSON, HENRY HOBSON (1838-1886)
• RICHARDSON, SAMUEL (1689-1761)
• RICHARDSON, SIR JOHN (1787-1865)

Richardson followed with similar work, and See also:

• SIR

Sir W . See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

Chambers, in the rooms originally occupied by the Royal See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy and the learned See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies in See also:

• SOMERSET, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SOMERSET, EDMUND BEAUFORT, DUKE OF (c. 1404–1455)
• SOMERSET, EDWARD SEYMOUR, DUKE OF (c. 1506–1552)
• SOMERSET, LORD ROBERT EDWARD HENRY (1776-1842)
• SOMERSET, ROBERT CARR (or KER), EARL OF (e. 1590-1645)

Somerset House, designed many admirable ceilings . The moulds of all the ornamental devices of Robert Adam are preserved and are still utilized for many See also:

• MODERN

modern ceilings . (R . P .