See also:

• CELESTINE (CAELESTINUS)
• CELESTINE, or CELESTITE

CELESTINE V  . (St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter See also:

• CELESTINE (CAELESTINUS)
• CELESTINE, or CELESTITE

Celestine), See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope in 1294, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born of poor parents at Isernia about 1215, and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early entered the See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order . Living as a See also:

• HERMIT

hermit on See also:

• MONTE

Monte Morrone near Sulmone in the Abruzzi, he attracted other ascetics about him and organized them into a See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

congregation of the See also:

• BENEDICTINES, or BLACK MONKS

Benedictines which was later called the See also:

• CELESTINES

Celestines (q.v.) . The assistance of a See also:

• VICAR (Lat. vicarius, substitute)

vicar enabled him to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from the growing administrative cares and devote himself solely to See also:

• ASCETICISM

asceticism, apparently the only See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field of human activity in which he excelled . His Opuscula, published by Telera at See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples in 164o, are probably not genuine; he was indoctus libris . A fight between the See also:

• COLONNA
• COLONNA, GIOVANNI PAOLO (circa 1637—1695)
• COLONNA, VITTORIA (1490-1547)

Colonna and- the See also:

• ORSINI
• ORSINI, FELICE (1819-1858)

Orsini, as well as hopeless dissensions among the cardinals, prevented a papal See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election for two years and three months after the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas IV . See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II. of Naples, needing a pope in order that he might regain See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, brought about a See also:

• CONCLAVE (Lat. conclave, from cum, together, and clavis, a key)

conclave . As the election of any See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal seemed impossible, on the 5th of See also:

• JULY

July 1294 the Sacred See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College See also:

• UNITED

united on Pietro di Morrone; the cardinals expected to See also:

• RULE

rule in the name of the celebrated but incapable ascetic . Apocalyptic notions then current doubtless aided his election, for See also:

• JOACHIM, JOSEPH (1831—1907)

Joachim of See also:

• FLORIS, FRANS

Floris and his school looked to See also:

• MONASTICISM (Gr. p.ovacrnabs, living alone, µ6vos)

monasticism to furnish deliverance to the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church and to the See also:

• WORLD

world . Multitudes came to Celestine's See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation at See also:

• AQUILA
• AQUILA ('AxdXas), (1)
• AQUILA, CASPAR [KASPAR ADLER] (1488-1560)
• AQUILA, SERAFINO

Aquila, and he began his reign the idol of visionaries, of extremists and of the populace . But the pope was in the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of Charles II. of Naples, and became his See also:

• TOOL (0. Eng. tdl, generally referred to a root seen in the Goth. taujan, to make, or in the English word " taw," to work or dress leather)

tool against See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon . The See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's son See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis, a layman of twenty-one, was made See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons .

The cardinals, scarcely consulted at all, were discontented . The pope, who wanted more See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time for his devotions, offered to leave three cardinals in See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of affairs; but his proposition was rejected . He then wished to abdicate, and at length Benedetto Gaetano, destined to succeed him as See also:

• BONIFACE (Bonifacius)
• BONIFACE, SAINT (680-754)

Boniface ViII., removed all scruples against this unheard-of See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure by finding a precedent in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement I . Celestine abdicated on the 13th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1294 . There is no sufficient ground for finding an allusion to this See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act hi the noted See also:

• LINE

line of See also:

• DANTE

Dante, " Che fete per viltate it gran rifiuto " (" who made from cowardice the See also:

• GREAT

great refusal," Inferno, 3, 6o) . Boniface at length put him in See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison for safe keeping; he died in a monastic See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell in the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Fumone near Anagni on the 19th of May 1296 . He was canonized by Clement V. in 1313 . See Wetzer and Welte and See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck (with excellent bibliography) as above; See also:

• JEAN

Jean Aurelien, Superieur de la Congregation See also:

• DES

des Celestins, La See also:

• VIE

Vie admirable de ... See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre Cilestin (See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

Bar-le-Duc, 1873) ; H . Finke, Aus den Tagen Bonifaz VIII . (See also:

• MUNSTER
• MUNSTER, SEBASTIAN (1489-1552)

Munster, 1902), pp . 24-43 .

(W . W .