CELT  , a word in See also:

• COMMON

common use among See also:

• BRITISH

British and See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French archaeologists to describe the hatchets, adzes or See also:

• CHISELS

chisels of chipped or shaped See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone used by See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man . The word is variously derived from the Welsh cellt, a flintstone (that being the material of which the weapons are chiefly made, though celts of See also:

• BASALT

basalt felstone and See also:

• JADE
• JADE, or JAHDE

jade are found); from being supposed to be the See also:

• IMPLEMENT (Lat. implementum, a filling up, from implere, to fill)

implement See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to the See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic peoples; or from a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Latin word celtis, a See also:

• CHISEL (from the O. Fr. cisel, modern ciseau, Late Lat. cisellum, a cutting tool, from caedere, to cut)

chisel . The last derivation is more probably correct . The word has come to be somewhat loosely applied to See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal as well as stone See also:

• AXE (0. Eng. aex; a word common, in different forms, in the Teutonic languages, and akin to the Greek 41v17; the New English Dictionary prefers the spelling " ax ")

axe-heads . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of stone celts is that of See also:

• BLADES, WILLIAM (1824-1890)

blades approaching an See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval in See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section, with sides more or less straight and one end broader and sharper than the other . In length they vary from about 2 to as much as 16 in . The largest and finest specimens are found in See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark: one in an See also:

• ENGLISH

English collection being of beautiful See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• FLINT
• FLINT, AUSTIN (1812-1886)
• FLINT, or FLTNTSHTRE (sir Gallestr)
• FLINT, ROBERT (1838- )
• FLINT, TIMOTHY (1780-1840)

flint 13 in. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, 12 in. thick and 32 in. broad . Those found in Denmark are sometimes polished, but usually are See also:

• LEFT

left rough . Those found in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-western See also:

• EUROPE

Europe are ground to a more or less smooth See also:

• SURFACE

surface . That some were held in the See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand and others fixed in wooden handles is clear from the presence of peculiar polished spaces produced by the See also:

• FRICTION (from Lat. fricare, to rub)

friction of the See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood . In the later stone adzes holes are sometimes found pierced to receive the handles . The See also:

• BRONZE

bronze celts vary in See also:

• SIZE

size from an See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch to a See also:

• FOOT

foot in length .

The earlier specimens are much like the stone ones in shape and See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design, but the later manufactures show a marked improvement, the metal being usually pierced to receive the handles . It is noteworthy that the celtmakers never See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast their axes with a transverse hole through which the handle might pass . Bronze celts are usually See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, but some are ornamented with ridges, dots or lines . That they were made in the countries where they are found is proved by the presence of moulds . A point worthy of mention is the position which stone celts hold in the folk-See also:

• LORE
• LORE, AMBROISE DE (1396-1446)

lore and superstitious beliefs of many lands . In the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country folks believe the weapons See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell originally from the See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky as " thunderbolts," and that the See also:

• WATER

water in which they are boiled is a specific for See also:

• RHEUMATISM (from Gr. /56µa, flux)

rheumatism . In the North and See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland they are preservatives against See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle diseases . In See also:

• BRITTANY

Brittany a stone celt is thrown into a well to purify the water . In See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden they are regarded as a See also:

• PROTECTION

protection against See also:

• LIGHTNING

lightning . In See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway the belief is that, if they are genuine thunderbolts, a See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread tied See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round them when placed on hot coals will not See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn but will become moist . In See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, the same beliefs prevail . In See also:

• JAPAN

Japan the stones are accounted of medicinal value, while in See also:

• BURMA

Burma and See also:

• ASSAM

Assam they are infallible specifics for ophthalmia .

In See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa they are the weapons of the See also:

• THUNDER

Thunder-See also:

• GOD

God . In See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India and among the Greeks the See also:

• HATCHET (adapted from the Fr. hachette, diminutive of hache, axe, hacker, to cut, hack)

hatchet appears to have had a sacred importance, derived, doubtless, from the universal superstitious See also:

• AWE, LOCH

awe with which these weapons of pre-historic man were regarded . See See also:

• SIR

Sir J . See also:

• EVANS, CHRISTMAS (1766-1838)
• EVANS, EVAN HERBER (1836-1896)
• EVANS, OLIVER (1755–1819)
• EVANS, SIR GEORGE DE LACY (1787–1870)
• EVANS, SIR JOHN (1823-1908)

Evans's See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient Stone Implements of See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain; See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• AVEBURY
• AVEBURY, JOHN LUBBOCK, 1ST BARON (1834– )

Avebury's Prehistoric Times (1865-'goo) and Origin of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

Civilization (187o) ; E . B . See also:

• TYLOR, EDWARD BURNETT (1832- )

Tylor's See also:

• ANTHROPOLOGY (Gr. avOpw1ror man, and Xoyos, theory or science)

Anthropology, and Primitive Culture, &c . For the See also:

• HISTORY

history of polished stone axes up to the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century see Dr See also:

• MARCEL, ETIENNE (d: 1358)

Marcel Bandouin and Lionel Bonnemere in the Bulletin de la Societe d'Anthropologie de See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, See also:

• APRIL

April-May 1905 .