See also:

• CENSOR (from Lat. censere, assess, estimate; in Gr. rt s ris)

CENSOR (from See also:

• LAT

Lat. censere, assess, estimate; in Gr. rt s ris)  . I . In See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of the two See also:

• ROMAN

Roman officials who presided over the See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census, the See also:

• REGISTRATION

registration of individual citizens for the purpose of determining the duties which they owed to the community . In the See also:

• ETYMOLOGY (Gr. grvµos, true, and X6yos, "account)

etymology of the word lurks the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the arbitrary See also:

• ASSIGNMENT, ASSIGNATION, ASSIGNEE

assignment of burdens or duties . See also:

• VARRO, MARCUS TERENTIUS (116—27 B.C.)
• VARRO, PUBLIUS TERENTIUS

Varro defines census as arbitrium, and derives the name censores from the position of these magistrates as arbitri populi (Varro, de See also:

• LING, PER HENRIK (1776-1839)

Ling . See also:

• LAT

Lat. v . 81; ap . Non. p . 519) . This See also:

• ORIGINAL

original idea of " discretionary See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power " was never entirely lost; although ultimately it came to be more intimately associated with the appreciation of morals than with the assignment of burdens . From the point of view of its moral significance the censorship was the Ronian manifestation of that See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of conduct which was a not unusual feature of ancient See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies . It is true that Rome possessed sumptuary See also:

• LAWS

laws, and laws dealing with moral offences, which it was the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of other magistrates to enforce; but the, organization for the control of conduct was mainly exhibited. in the censorship, and, as thus exhibited, was at once See also:

• SIMPLE

simple and comprehensive .

The censorship was believed to have been instituted in 443 B.C. to relieve the consuls of the duties of registration . Since the periods of registration were quinquennial, it was not a continuous See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office; but its See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure does not seem to have been fixed until 434 B.C., when a lex Aemilia provided that the censors should hold office for eighteen months . This magistracy was at first confined to See also:

• PATRICIANS (Lat. patricius, an adjectival form from pater, father; not, as some say, from pater and ciere, to call)

patricians; a plebeian See also:

• CENSOR (from Lat. censere, assess, estimate; in Gr. rt s ris)

censor is first mentioned in 351 B.C . A lex Publilia of 339 B.C. is said to have enacted that. one censor must be a plebeian . Two plebeian censors were for the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time elected in 131 B.C . The See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election always took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the See also:

• COMITIA

Comitia Centuriata (see COMITIA) . The censorship, although lacking the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers implied in the imperium and the right of summoning the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate and the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, was not only, one of the higher magistracies, but was regarded as the See also:

• CROWN

crown of a See also:

• POLITICAL

political career . It was an irresponsible office; and the. only limitations on its powers were created by the restriction of tenure to a See also:

• YEAR

year and a See also:

• HALF

half, the fact that re-election was forbidden, and the See also:

• RESTRAINT (from " to restrain," Lat. restringere, to hold back, prevent)

restraint imposed on each censor by the fact that no See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of his was valid without the assent of his colleague . The original functions of the censors were (r:) the registration of citizens in the state-divisions, such as tribes and centuries; (2) the taEation of such citizens based on an estimate of their See also:

• PROPERTY

property; (3) the right of exclusion from public functions. on moral grounds, known as the regimen morum; (4) the See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn act of See also:

• PURIFICATION

purification (lustrum) which closed the census . Two other functions were subsequently added:-(5) the selection of the senate (lectio senatus, see SENATE),, and (6), certain See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial duties such as the leasing of the contracts for tax-See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting and for the repair of public buildings . The first four of these functions were those of the census, which was a detailed examination of the See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen See also:

• BODY

body as represented by heads of families (patres familiarum) in the Campus Martins . The See also:

• EQUITES (" horsemen " or " knights," from eques," horse ")

equites were a select' portion of this citizen body; but the See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

review of these knights took place, not in the Campus, but in the See also:

• FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

Forum (see EQUITES) .

It was in connexion with this review of the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary citizens and the knights, as well as with the choice of senators, that the censors , published their edicts stating the moral rules which they intended to enforce . The offences which they punished were sometimes concerned with See also:

• FAMILY

family See also:

• LIFE

life and private relations, sometimes with breaches of political duty . Certain professions, such as that of an actor or gladiator, also invoked their stigma, and at times the disqualifications they pronounced were they consequence of a previous judicial condemnation . Infamia was the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general name given to the disabilities pronounced by the censor . These varied in degree from the deprivation of a senator of his seat, or a See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight's loss of his See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse, to exclusion from the tribes or centuries, an exclusion which entailed the loss of voting power . All the disabilities pronounced by one pair of censors might be removed by their successors . The censorship, although its control over the senate came to Operations of this See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character have been conducted with different See also:

• OBJECTS

objects from very ancient times . The fighting strength of the See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel at the See also:

• EXODUS, BOOK OF
• EXODUS, THE

Exodus was ascertained by a See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of all See also:

• MALES

males of twenty years old and upwards, made by enumerators appointed for each See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan . The See also:

• LEVITES

Levites, who were exempted from military duties, were separately enumerated` from the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of See also:

• THIRTY

thirty upwards, and a similar See also:

• PROCESS

process was. ordained subsequently by See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to distribute amongst them the functions assigned to the priestly body in connexion with the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple . The census unwillingly carried out by See also:

• JOAB (Heb. " Yah [well] is a father ")

Joab at the behest of See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David related exclusively to the fighting men of the community, and the dire consequences ascribed to it were quoted in reprobation of such inquiries as See also:

• LATE

late as the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . It appears, too, that a See also:

• REGISTER

register of the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of each clan was kept during the Babylonian captivity and its totals were published on their return to See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem . In the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• EMPIRE

empire there was apparently some method in force by which the resources of each See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province were ascertained for the purpose of fixing the See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute .

In See also:

• CHINA

China, moreover, an enumeration of somewhat the same nature was an ancient institution in connexion with the provincial revenues and military liabilities . In See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, See also:

• AMASIS

Amasis had the occupation of each individual annually registered, nominally to aid the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official supervision of morals by discouraging disreputable means of subsistence; and this See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

ordinance, according to See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus, was introduced by See also:

• SOLON (7th and 6th century n.c.)

Solon into the Athenian See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, where it See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed be weakened (see SENATE), lasted as See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic; and it was only suspended, not abolished, during the principate . Although the princeps exercised censorial functions, he was seldom censor . Yet the office itself was held by See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius I. and See also:

• VESPASIAN

Vespasian . See also:

• DOMITIAN (Thus FLAVIUS DOMITIANUS)

Domitian assumed the title of life censor (censor perpetuus), but the precedent was not followed . A fruitless See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to galvanize the republican office into new life was made in A.D . 251, during the reign of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• DECIUS, GAIUS MESSIUS QUINTUS TRAJANUS (2017-251)

Decius . (A . H . J . G.) II . In See also:

• MODERN

modern times the word " censor " is used generally for one who exercises supervision over, or criticizes, the conduct of other persons .

In the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities of See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford and See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge it is the title of the official See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head or supervisor of the non-collegiate students (i.e: those who are not attached to a See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college, See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall or See also:

• HOSTEL

hostel) . In Oxford the censor is nominated by the See also:

• VICE

vice-See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor and the proctors, and holds office for five years; in Cambridge he is similarly appointed, and holds office for life . The censors of the Royal College of Physicians are the officials who See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant licences . See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council of Censors, in See also:

• AMERICAN

American constitutional See also:

• HISTORY

history, is the name given to a council provided by the constitution of See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania from 1776 to 1790, and by the constitution of See also:

• VERMONT

Vermont from 1777 to 1870 . Under both constitutions the council of censors was elected once in seven years, for the purpose of inquiring into the working of the governmental departments, the conduct of the state See also:

• OFFICERS

officers, and the working of the laws, and as to whether the constitution had been violated in any particular . The Vermont council of censor's, limited in number to thirteen, had power, if they thought the constitution required amending in any particular, to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call a See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention for the purpose . A convention summoned by the council in 187o amended the constitution by abolishing the censors . For the censorship of the See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press, see PRESS LAWS; for the censor-See also:

• SHIP

ship of plays, See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

THEATRE: See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

Law, and See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

LORD See also:

• CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
• CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)

CHAMBERLAIN .