See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

CENSUS (from See also:

• LAT

Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count by hundreds)  , a See also:

• TERM

term used to denote a periodical enumeration restricted; in See also:

• MODERN

modern times; to See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, and occasionally to See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries and agricultural resources, but formerly extending to See also:

• PROPERTY

property of all kinds, for the purpose of See also:

• ASSESSMENT, (from Lat. assessare, to sit beside, to judge)

assessment.later into an electoral See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record . It was in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, however, that the See also:

• SYSTEM

system from which the, name of the inquiry is derived was first established upon a See also:

• REGULAR

regular footing . The See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census was ascribed to Servius Tullius, and in the constitution which goes by his name it was decreed that' every fifth See also:

• YEAR

year the population should be enumerated along with the property of each See also:

• FAMILY

family—See also:

• LAND

land, live-stock, slaves and freedmen . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• OBJECT

object was to ensure the accurate See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people into the six main classes and their respective centuries, which were based upon considerations of combined See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers and See also:

• WEALTH

wealth . With the increase of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city the operation See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew in importance, and was followed by an See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official lustrum, or purificatory See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice, offered on behalf of the people by the censors or functionaries in See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of the See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification . Hence the name of lustrum came to denote the intercensal term, or a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of five years . The word census, too, came to mean the property qualification of the class, as well as the See also:

• PROCESS

process of registering the resources of the individual . Later, it was used in the sense of the See also:

• IMPOSITION (from Lat. imponere, to place or lay upon)

imposition itself, in which it has survived in the contracted See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• CESS (a shortened form of " assess "; the spelling is due to a mistaken connexion with " census ")

cess . Unfortunately the See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics of population thus collected were subordinated to the fiscal interests of the inquiry, and no record has been handed down See also:

• RELATING

relating to the population of the city and its neighbourhood . In the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus the census was extended to the whole See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . In the words of the See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel of St See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke, he ordered " the whole See also:

• WORLD

world to be taxed," or, according to the revised version, to be enrolled . The compilation of the results of this the most comprehensive enumeration till then attempted was engaging the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, it is said, just; before his See also:

• DEATH

death, but was never completed .

The various inquiries instituted during the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages, such as the Domesday See also:

• BOOK

Book and the See also:

• BREVIARY (Lat. breviarium, abridgment, epitome)

Breviary of See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne, were so far on the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model that they took little or no See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the population, the feudal system probably rendering See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information regarding it unnecessary for the purposes of See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation or military service . The See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of the census on the modern system were laid in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe towards the middle or end of the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century: See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden led the way, by making compulsory the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish record of births, deaths and marriages, kept by the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, and extending it to include the whole of the domiciled population of the parish . In See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• COLBERT, JEAN BAPTISTE (1619-1683)

Colbert, in 167o, ordered the See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension to the rural communes of the system which had for many years been in force in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris of registering and periodically See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing the• domestic occurrences of the locality . Five years before this, however, a periodical enumeration by families and individuals had Wen established in the See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of New France, and was continued in See also:

• QUEBEC

Quebec from 1665 till 1754 . This, therefore, may be considered to be the earliest of modern censuses . ".Efforts have been almost unceasingly made since 1872 by statistical experts in periodical See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference to bring about a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general understanding, first, as to the subjects which may be considered most likely to be ascertained with approximate accuracy at a census, and secondly—a point of scarcely less importance—as to the form in which the results of the inquiry should be compiled in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to render comparison possible between the facts recorded in the different areas . In regard to the See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope of the inquiry, it is recognized that much is practicable in a See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country where the agency of trained officials is employed throughout the operation which cannot be expected to be adequately recorded where the responsibility for the correctness of the replies is thrown upon the householder . The See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard set up by eminent statisticians, therefore, may be taken to represent an ideal, not likely to be attained anywhere under See also:

• PRESENT

present conditions, but towards which each successive census may be expected to advance . The subjects to which most importance is attached from the See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international standpoint are See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex, See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, birthplace, illiteracy and certain infirmities . Occupation, too, should be included, but the record of so detailed a subject is usually considered to be better obtained by a See also:

• SPECIAL

special inquiry, rather than by the rough and ready methods of a synchronous enumeration . This course has been adopted in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium and France, and an approach to it is made in the decennial census of See also:

• CANADA

Canada and the See also:

• UNITED

United States . Religious See also:

• DENOMINATION (Lat. denominare, to give a specific name to)

denomination, another of the general subjects suggested, is of considerably more importance in some countries than in others, and the same may be said of See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality, which is often usefully supplemented by the return of See also:

• MOTHER

mother-See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue .

Nor should it be forgotten that the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal classification and the combinations of the above subjects are also matters to be treated upon some See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan, if the full value of the statistics is to be extracted from the raw material . On the whole, the progress towards a general understanding on many, if not most, of the questions here mentioned which has been made in the present See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation, is a gratifying See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute to those who have See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long laboured in the cause of efficient enumeration .