See also:

• CERIUM (symbol Ce, atomic weight 140.25)

CERIUM (See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol Ce, atomic See also:

• WEIGHT

weight 140.25)  , a metallic chemical See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element which occurs with the rare earths in the minerals cerite, samarskite, euxenite, See also:

• MONAZITE

monazite, See also:

• PARISITE

parisite and many See also:

• YTTRIUM [symbol, Y; atomic weight, 89.0 (0 =16)]

yttrium minerals . The particular See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth containing See also:

• CERIUM (symbol Ce, atomic weight 140.25)

cerium was discovered by M . H . See also:

• KLAPROTH, HEINRICH JULIUS (1783-1835)
• KLAPROTH, MARTIN HEINRICH (1743-1817)

Klaproth in 1803, whilst J . See also:

• BERZELIUS, JONS JAKOB (1779-1848)

Berzelius at about the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time also examined it and came to the conclusion ' So See also:

• IRENAEUS

Irenaeus . According to See also:

• HIPPOLYTUS
• HIPPOLYTUS, THE CANONS OF

Hippolytus and See also:

• EPIPHANIUS, SAINT (c. 315-402)

Epiphanius it was the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• GHOST (a word common to the W. Teutonic languages; O.E. vest, Dutch, 'geest, Ger. Geist)

Ghost that thus descended.that it was the See also:

• OXIDE

oxide of a new See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal, which he termed cerium . The crude oxide of the metal is obtained from cerite, by evaporating the See also:

• MINERAL

mineral with strong sulphuric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid, removing excess of acid and dissolving the See also:

• RESIDUE (through the French, from the Lat. residuum, a remainder, from residere, to remain)

residue in See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice-See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

• WATER

water; sulphuretted See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen is passed through the See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution, which is then filtered, acidified with hydrochloric acid, and precipitated as oxalate by oxalic acid; the oxalate is then converted into oxide by ignition . From the crude oxide so obtained (which contains lanthanum and See also:

• DIDYMIUM (from the Gr. &Segos, twin)

didymium oxides) the cerium may be separated by See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion into its See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double sulphate on the addition of See also:

• POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium sulphate, the sulphates of the cerium See also:

• GROUP

group being insoluble in a saturated solution of potassium sulphate . The sulphate is subsequently boiled with water, when a basic sulphate is precipitated . For the preparation of pure cerium compounds see Auer v . Welsbach, Monatshefte, 1884, v . 508 .

The metal was first obtained, in an impure See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, by C . G . Mosander, by fusing its chloride with See also:

• SODIUM [symbol Na, from Lat. natrium; atomic weight 23.00 (0=16)]

sodium . W . F . See also:

• HILLEBRAND, KARL (1829–1884)

Hillebrand and T . See also:

• NORTON, CAROLINE ELIZABETH SARAH (18o8–1877)
• NORTON, CHARLES BOWYER ADDERLEY, 1ST BARON (1814–1905)
• NORTON, CHARLES ELIOT (1827-1908)
• NORTON, THOMAS (1532–1584)

Norton have prepared it by the See also:

• ELECTROLYSIS (formed from Gr. Xbety, to loosen)

electrolysis of the melted chloride (Pogg . See also:

• ANN

Ann., 1875, 156, p . 466) ; and C . Winkler (Berichte, 1891, See also:

• XXIV

xxiv . 884) obtained it by See also:

• HEATING

heating the dioxide with See also:

• MAGNESIUM [symbol Mg, atomic weight 24.32 (0 = 16)]

magnesium See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder . The metal has somewhat the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, and has a specific gravity of 6.628, which, after melting, is increased to 6.728 .

Its specific See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat is 0.04479 (W . F . Hine-See also:

• BRAND, JOHN (1744-1806)
• BRAND, SIR JOHN HENRY (1823-1888)

brand) . It is permanent in dry See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air, but tarnishes in moist air; it can be hammered and rolled; it melts at 623° C . It See also:

• BURNS, JOHN (1858– )
• BURNS, ROBERT (1759-1796)
• BURNS, SIR GEORGE

burns readily on heating, with a brilliant See also:

• FLAME (Lat. flamma; the root flag- appears in flagrare, to burn, blaze, and Gr. d, XEryew)

flame; and it also combines with See also:

• CHLORINE (symbol Cl, atomic weight 35`46 (0=16)

chlorine,See also:

• BROMINE (symbol Br, atomic weight 79-96)

bromine, See also:

• IODINE (symbol I, atomic weight '26.92)

iodine, See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur, See also:

• PHOSPHORUS (Gr. 4ws, light, sPEpety, to bear)

phosphorus and See also:

• CYANOGEN (Gr. ebavos, blue 'yevvav, to produce), C2N2

cyanogen . In the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the two former elements the See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination is accompanied by See also:

• COMBUSTION (from the Lat. comburere, to burn up)

combustion of the metal . With water it is slowly converted into the dioxide . Cold concentrated nitric and sulphuric acids are without See also:

• ACTION

action on the metal, but it reacts rapidly with dilute nitric and hydrochloric acids . The dioxide is used in incandescent See also:

• GAS

gas mantles (see See also:

• LIGHTING

LIGHTING) . Three oxides of cerium are known . The sesquioxide, Ce2O3, is obtained by heating the carbonate in a current of hydrogen . It is a bluish-See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green powder, which on exposure rapidly combines with the See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen of the air .

By the addition of See also:

• CAUSTIC (Gr. rcavvraubs, burning)

caustic soda to cerous salts, a See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white precipitate of cerous hydroxide is formed . Cerium dioxide, CeOz, is produced when cerium carbonate, nitrate, sulphate or oxalate is heated in air . It is a white or See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale yellow See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound, which becomes reddish on heating . Its specific gravity is 6.739, and its specific heat 0.0877 . It is not reduced to the metallic See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition on heating with See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon . Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves this oxide, forming a yellowish solution and See also:

• OZONE

ozone . By suspending the precipitated cerous hydroxide in water and passing chlorine through the solution, a hydrated See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the dioxide, 2CeO2.3H2O, is obtained, which is readily soluble in nitric and sulphuric acids, forming eerie salts, and in hydrochloric acid, where it forms cerous chloride, with liberation of chlorine . A higher hydrated oxide, CeO3xH2O, is formed by the interaction of cerous sulphate with sodium acetate and hydrogen peroxide (Lecoq de Boisbaudran, Comptes rendus, 1885, See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo, p . 605) . Cerous chloride, CeCI,, is obtained when the metal is burned in chlorine; when a mixture of cerous oxide and carbon is heated in chlorine; or by rapid heating of the dioxide in a stream of carbon monoxide and chlorine . It is a colourless substance, which is easily fusible . A hydrated chloride of See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition 2CeCl315H2O is also known, and is obtained when a solution of cerous oxide in hydrochloric acid is evaporated over sulphuric acid .

Double salts of cerous chloride with stannic chloride, mercuric chloride, and platinic chloride are also known . Cerous bromide, 2CeBr3 3H2O, and iodide, CeI,•9H2O, are known . Cerous sulphide, Ce2S3, results on heating cerium with sulphur or cerium oxide in carbon bisulphide vapour . It is a red infusible See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of specific gravity 5.1, and is slowly decomposed by warm water . The sulphate, Cez(SO4)3, is formed on dissolving the carbonate in sulphuric acid, or on dissolving the basic sulphate in sulphuric acid, in the presence of sulphur dioxide, evaporating the solution, and drying the product obtained, at high temperature (B . Brauner, Monatshefte, 1885, vi . 793) . It is a white powder of specific gravity 3.912, easily soluble in cold water . Many hydrated forms of the sulphate are known, as are also double salts of the sulphate with potassium, sodium, ammonium, See also:

• THALLIUM

thallium and See also:

• CADMIUM (symbol Cd, atomic weight 112.4 (0=16))

cadmium sulphates . Ceric fluoride, CeFeH2O, is obtained when the hydrated dioxide is dissolved in hydrofluoric acid and the solution evaporated on the water See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

bath (B . Brauner) . The sulphate, Ce(SO4)2.4H2O, is formed when the basic sulphate is dissolved in sulphuric acid; or when the dioxide is dissolved in dilute sulphuric acid, and evaporated in vaeuo over sulphuric acid .

It forms yellow crystals soluble in water; the aqueous solution on See also:

• STANDING

standing gradually depositing a basic See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt . Double sulphates of composition2Ce(SO4)2.2K2SO4.2H20, Ce(SO4),.3(NH4)4SOe4H2OSre 762 known . Nitrates of cerium have been described, as have also See also:

• PHOSPHATES

phosphates, See also:

• CARBONATES

carbonates and a See also:

• CARBIDE

carbide . Cerium compounds may be recognized by the red precipitate of ceric hydroxide, which is formed when sodium hypochlorite is added to a colourless cerous salt . For the quantitative determination of the metal, the salts are precipitated by caustic potash, the precipitate washed, dried and heated, and finally weighed as the dioxide . The atomic See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of cerium has been determined by B . Brauner (Chem . See also:

• NEWS

News, 1895, lxxi . 283) from the See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis of the oxalate; the values obtained varying from 140.07 to 140.35 .