See also:

• CEUTA (Arabic Sebta)

CEUTA (Arabic Sebta)  , a See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish military and convict station and seaport on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• MOROCCO

Morocco, in 35° 54' N., 5 18' W . Pop. about 13,000 . It is situated on a promontory connected with the mainland by a narrow See also:

• ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

isthmus . This promontory marks the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-eastern end of the straits of See also:

• GIBRALTAR

Gibraltar, which between See also:

• CEUTA (Arabic Sebta)

Ceuta and Gibraltar have a width of 14 M . The promontory terminates in a bold headland, the Montagne See also:

• DES

des Singes, with seven distinct peaks . Of these the highest is the See also:

• MONTE

Monte del Hacko, the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Abyla, one of the " Pillars of See also:

• HERCULES
• HERCULES (0. Lat. Hercoles, Hercles)

Hercules," which faces Gibraltar and rises 636 ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . On the westernmost point—Almina, 476 ft. high—is a lighthouse with a See also:

• LIGHT

light visible for 23 M . Ceuta consists of two quarters, the old See also:

• TOWN

town, covering the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low ground of the isthmus, and the See also:

• MODERN

modern town, built on the hills forming the north and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west faces of the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula . Between the old and new quarters and on the north See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the isthmus lies the See also:

• PORT

port . The public buildings in the town, thoroughly Spanish in its See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, are not striking: they include the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral (formerly a See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque), the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor's See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, the town See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks, and the convict See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison in the old See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent of See also:

• SAN

San Francisco . Ceuta has been fortified seaward, the See also:

• WORKS

works being furnished with modern See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery intended to command the entrance to the Mediterranean . Landward are three lines of See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence, the inner See also:

• LINE

line stretching completely across the isthmus .

These fortifications, which date from the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the Portuguese occupation, have been partly modernized . The citadel, El Hacho, built on the See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck of the isthmus, See also:

• DATES

dates from the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison consists of between 3000 and 4000 men, inclusive of a disciplinary See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps of military convicts . Of the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population about 2000 are civilian convicts; and there are colonies of See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews, negroes and See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors, the last including descendants of Moors transferred to Ceuta from See also:

• ORAN (Arabic Wahran, i.e. ravine)

Oran when See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain abandoned that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city in 1796 . Ceuta occupies in See also:

• PART

part the site of a Carthaginian See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony, which was succeeded by a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman colony said to have been called Ad Septem Fratres and also Exilissa or See also:

• LISSA (Polish Lezno)
• LISSA (Serbo-Croation Vis; Lat. Issa)

Lissa Civitas . From the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans the town passed to the See also:

• VANDALS (Lat. Vandili or Vandilii)

Vandals and afterwards to See also:

• BYZANTIUM

Byzantium, the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Justinian restoring its fortifications in 535 . In 618 the town, then known as Septon, See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into the hands of the Visigoths . It was the last stronghold in North See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa which held out against the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs . At that date (A.D . 711) the governor of the town was the See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• JULIAN (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS) (331-363)

Julian who, inrevenge for the betrayal of his daughter by See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• RODERICK

Roderick of See also:

• TOLEDO
• TOLEDO, COUNCILS OF (Concilia toletana)

Toledo, invited the Arabs to See also:

• CROSS

cross the straits under Tarik and conquer Spain for See also:

• ISLAM

Islam . By the Arabs the town was called Cibta or Sebta, hence the Spanish See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form Ceuta . From the date of its occupation by the Arabs the town had a stormy See also:

• HISTORY

history, being repeatedly captured by See also:

• RIVAL

rival See also:

• BERBER

Berber and Spanish-Moorish dynasties .

It became nevertheless an important commercial and See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial city, being noted for its See also:

• BRASS
• BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

brass See also:

• WARE

ware, its See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory, See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and slaves . It is said to have been the first See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the West where a See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper manufactory was established . In 1415 the town was captured by the Portuguese under See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John I., among those taking part in the attack being See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry " the Navigator " and two of his See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, who were knighted on the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day following in the mosque (hastily dedicated as a See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church) . Ceuta passed to Spain in 158o on the subjugation of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal by See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II., and was definitely assigned to the Spanish See also:

• CROWN

crown by the treaty of See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon in 1688 . The town has been several times unsuccessfully besieged by the Moors—one See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege, under Mulai See also:

• ISMAIL (1830-1895)

Ismail, lasting twenty-six years (1694-1720) . In 181o, with the consent of Spain, it was occupied by See also:

• BRITISH

British troops under See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• SIR

Sir J . F . See also:

• FRASER
• FRASER, ALEXANDER CAMPBELL (1819– )
• FRASER, JAMES (1818-1885)
• FRASER, JAMES BAILLIE (1783--1856)
• FRASER, SIR WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Fraser . The town was restored to Spain by the British at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic See also:

• WARS

Wars . As the result of the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war between Spain and Morocco in 186o the See also:

• AREA

area of Spanish territory around the town was increased . The military governor of the town also commands the troops in the other Spanish stations on the coast of Morocco . For See also:

• CIVIL

civil purposes Ceuta is attached to the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• CADIZ
• CADIZ (Cadiz)
• CADIZ (in Lat. Gades, and formerly called Cales by the English)

Cadiz .

It is a See also:

• FREE

free port, but does little trade . See de Prado, Recuerdos de Africa; historia de la plaza de Ceuta (See also:

• MADRID

Madrid, 1859--186o); Budgett Meakin, The See also:

• LAND

Land of the Moors (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1901), See also:

• CHAP

chap. xix., where many works dealing with Spanish Morocco are cited .