See also:

• CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from See also:

• LAT

Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from See also:

• CALVI

calvi, to deceive, hence a false See also:

• ACCUSATION (Lat. accusatio, accusare, to challenge to a causa, a suit or trial at law)

accusation, a " calumny ")  , originally a See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge against a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person or a claim to anything, a See also:

• DEFIANCE

defiance . The See also:

• TERM

term is now particularly used of an invitation to a trial of skill in any contest, or to a trial by combat as a vindication of See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour (see See also:

• DUEL (Ital. duello, Lat. duellum—old form of bellum-from duo, two)

DUEL), and, in See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, of the objection to the members of a See also:

• JURY

jury allowed in a See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• ACTION

action or in a criminal trial (see JURY) . " CHALLENGER" EXPEDITION . The scientific results of several See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short expeditions between 186o and 187o encouraged the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of the Royal Society to approach the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, on the See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• RICHARDS, ALFRED BATE (182o-1876)
• RICHARDS, HENRY BRINLEY (1819-1865)
• RICHARDS, WILLIAM TROST (1833-1905)

Richards, hydrographer to the See also:

• ADMIRALTY, HIGH COURT OF

admiralty, with a view to commissioning a See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel for a prolonged cruise for oceanic exploration . The government detailed H.M.S . " Challenger," a wooden corvette of 2306 tons, for the purpose . See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain (afterwards Sir) George See also:

• NARES, SIR GEORGE STRONG (1831– )

Nares was placed in command, with a See also:

• NAVAL

naval See also:

• CREW (sometimes explained as a sea term of Scandinavian origin, cf. O. Icel. kris, a swarm or crowd, but now regarded as a shortened form of accrue, accrewe, used in the 16th century in the sense of a reinforcement, O. Fr. acreue, from accrofire, to grow,
• CREW, NATHANIEL CREW, 3RD BARON (1633–1721)

crew; and a scientific See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff was selected by the society with See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor (afterwards Sir) C . Wyville See also:

• THOMSON, JAMES (1822-1892)
• THOMSON, JAMES (1834-1882)
• THOMSON, JAMES (r700-1748)
• THOMSON, JOHN (1778-184o)
• THOMSON, JOSEPH (1858-1895)
• THOMSON, SIR CHARLES WYVILLE (1830-1882)
• THOMSON, THOMAS (1773-1852)
• THOMSON, WILLIAM (1819-189o)

Thomson as director . The staff included Mr (afterwards Sir) See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• MURRAY
• MURRAY (or MORAY), EARLS OF
• MURRAY (or MORAY), JAMES STUART, EARL OF (c. 1531-1570)
• MURRAY (or MORAY), SIR ROBERT (c. 1600-1673)
• MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART (1841-1904)
• MURRAY, DAVID (1849– )
• MURRAY, EUSTACE CLARE GRENVILLE (1824–1881)
• MURRAY, JAMES (c. 1719-1794)
• MURRAY, JOHN
• MURRAY, JOHN (1778–1820)
• MURRAY, LINDLEY (1745–1826)
• MURRAY, LORD GEORGE (1694–1760)
• MURRAY, SIR JAMES AUGUSTUS HENRY (1837– )
• MURRAY, SIR JOHN (1841– )

Murray and Mr H . N . Moseley, biologists; Dr von Willemoes-Suhm, See also:

• COMMANDER

Commander Tizard, and Mr J . Y .

See also:

• BUCHANAN
• BUCHANAN, CLAUDIUS
• BUCHANAN, GEORGE (1506–1582)
• BUCHANAN, JAMES (1791-1868)
• BUCHANAN, ROBERT WILLIAMS (1841-1901)

Buchanan, chemist and geologist . A See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of instructions was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up by the society . The " Challenger " sailed from Ports-mouth in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1872 . For nearly a See also:

• YEAR

year the See also:

• WORK

work of the expedition See also:

• LAY

lay in the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic, which was crossed several times . See also:

• TENERIFFE [Tenerife]

Teneriffe, the See also:

• BERMUDAS

Bermudas, the See also:

• AZORES (Acores), or WESTERN ISLANDS

Azores, See also:

• MADEIRA
• MADEIRA, or THE MADE1RAS

Madeira, the Cape Verd Islands, See also:

• BAHIA

Bahia and See also:

• TRISTAN
• TRISTAN, or TRISTRAM

Tristan da Cunha were successively visited, and in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1873 the See also:

• SHIP

ship reached Cape See also:

• TOWN

Town . Steering then See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and east she visited the various islands between 45° and 5o° S., and reached Kerguelen See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1874 . She next proceeded southward about the See also:

• MERIDIAN
• MERIDIAN (from the Lat. meridianus, pertaining to the south or mid-day)

meridian of 8o° E . She was the first steamship to See also:

• CROSS

cross the See also:

• ANTARCTIC
• ANTARCTIC (Gr. &vri, opposite, and apKTos, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Antarctic circle, but the attainment of a high southerly See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude was not an See also:

• OBJECT

object of the voyage, and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March the ship See also:

• LEFT

left the south polar *regions and made for See also:

• MELBOURNE
• MELBOURNE, WILLIAM LAMB, 2ND VISCOUNT (1779-1848)

Melbourne . Extensive researches were now made in the Pacific . The route led by New See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand, the See also:

• FIJI
• FIJI (Viii)

Fiji Islands, Torres Strait, the See also:

• BANDA

Banda See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, and the See also:

• CHINA

China Sea to Hong See also:

• KONG

Kong . The western Pacific was then explored northward to See also:

• YOKOHAMA

Yokohama, after which the " Challenger " struck across the ocean by See also:

• HONOLULU

Honolulu and See also:

• TAHITI

Tahiti to See also:

• VALPARAISO

Valparaiso . She then coasted southward, penetrated the Straits of See also:

• MAGELLAN, FERDINAND (in Sp. FERNANDO MAGALLANES, in Port. FERNAO DE MAGALHAES) (c. 1480-152I)

Magellan, touched at See also:

• MONTEVIDEO, SAN FELIPE Y SANTIAGO DE

Montevideo, recrossed the Atlantic by See also:

• ASCENSION
• ASCENSION, FEAST OF THE

Ascension and the Azores, and reached See also:

• SHEERNESS

Sheerness in May 1876 .

This voyage is without parallel in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of scientific See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research . The " Challenger " See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report was issued in fifty volumes (See also:

• LONDON

London, 188o-1895), mainly under the direction of Sir John Murray, who succeeded Wyville Thomson in this work in 1882 . Specialists in every See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science assisted in its See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production . The zoological collections alone formed the basis for the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the volumes; the deep-sea soundings and samples of the deposits, the chemical See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis of See also:

• WATER

water samples, the meteorological, water-temperature, magnetic, See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological, and botanical observations were fully worked out, and a See also:

• SUMMARY

summary of the scientific results, narrative of the cruise and indices were also provided . See also See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord G . See also:

• CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER (1788–1866)
• CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA (Mrs PATRICK CAMPBELL) (1865– )
• CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–1796)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN
• CAMPBELL, JOHN (1708-1775)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN CAMPBELL, BARON (1779-1861)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS
• CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
• CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867— )
• CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777—1844)

Campbell, See also:

• LOG (a word of uncertain etymological origin,possibly onomatopoeic; the New English Dictionary rejects the derivation from Norwegian lag, a fallen tree)

Log Letters from the " Challenger," (1876) ; W . J . J . Spry, Cruise of H.M.S . ` Challenger" (1876); Sir C . Wyville Thomson, Voyage of the " Challenger," The Atlantic, Preliminary See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

Account of See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General Results (1877) ; J . J .

See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

Wild; At See also:

• ANCHOR (from the Greek ayrcvpa, which Vossius considers is from 6yi17 , a crook or hook)

Anchor; Narrative of Experiences afloat and ashore during the Voyage of H.M.S . " Challenger " (1878) ; H . N . Moseley, Notes by a Naturalist on the " Challenger " (1879) .