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GEORGE CHALMERS (1742-1825)

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Originally appearing in Volume V05, Page 809 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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GEORGE See also:CHALMERS (1742-1825)  , Scottish antiquarian and See also:political writer, was See also:born at See also:Fochabers, a See also:village in the See also:county of See also:Moray, in 1742 . His See also:father, See also:James See also:Chalmers, was a See also:grandson of See also:George Chalmers of Pittensear, a small See also:estate in the See also:parish of Lhanbryde, now St See also:Andrews-Lhanbryde, in the same county, possessed by the See also:main See also:line of the See also:family from about the beginning of the 17th to the See also:middle of the 18th See also:century . After completing the usual course at See also:King's See also:College, See also:Aberdeen, See also:young Chalmers studied See also:law in See also:Edinburgh for several years . Two uncles on the father's See also:side having settled in See also:America, he visited See also:Maryland in 1763, with the view, it is said, of assisting to recover a See also:tract of See also:land of some extent about which a dispute had arisen; and was in this way induced to commence practice as a lawyer at See also:Baltimore, where for a See also:time he met with much success . Having, however, espoused the cause of the Royalist party on the breaking out of the See also:American See also:War of See also:Independence, he found it expedient to abandon his professional prospects in the New See also:World, and return to his native See also:country . For the losses he had sustained as a colonist he received no See also:compensation, and several years elapsed before he obtained an See also:appointment that placed him in a See also:state of comfort and independence . In the meantime Chalmers applied himself with See also:great See also:diligence and assiduity to the investigation of the See also:history and See also:establishment of the See also:English colonies in See also:North America; and enjoying See also:free See also:access to the state papers and other documents preserved among what were then termed the See also:plantation records, he became possessed of much important See also:information . His See also:work entitled Political See also:Annals of the See also:present See also:United Colonies from their See also:Settlement to the See also:Peace of 1763, 4to, See also:London, 178o, was to have formed two volumes; but the second, which should have contained the See also:period between 1688 and 1763, never appeared . The first See also:volume, however, is See also:complete in itself, and traces the See also:original settlement of the different American colonies, and the progressive changes in their constitutions and forms of See also:government as affected by the state of public affairs in the See also:parent See also:kingdom . Independently of its value as being compiled from original documents, it bears See also:evidence of great See also:research, and has been of essential benefit to later writers . Continuing his researches, he next gave to the world An Estimate of the See also:Comparative Strength of See also:Britain during the Present and Four Preceding Reigns, London, 1782, which passed through several See also:editions . At length, in See also:August 1786, Chalmers, whose sufferings as a Royalist must have strongly recommended him to the government of the See also:day, was appointed See also:chief clerk to the See also:committee of privy See also:council on matters See also:relating to See also:trade, a situation which he retained till his See also:death in 1825, a period of nearly See also:forty years .

As his See also:

official duties made no great demands on his time, he had abundant leisure to devote to his favourite studies,—the antiquities and See also:topography of See also:Scotland having thenceforth See also:special attractions for his busy See also:pen . Besides See also:biographical sketches of See also:Defoe, See also:Sir See also:John See also:Davies, See also:Allan See also:Ramsay, Sir See also:David See also:Lyndsay, See also:Churchyard and others, prefixed to editions of their respective See also:works, Chalmers wrote a See also:life of See also:Thomas See also:Paine, the author of the Rights of See also:Man, which he published under the assumed name of See also:Francis See also:Oldys, A.M., of the University of See also:Pennsylvania; and a life of See also:Ruddiman, in which considerable See also:light is thrown on the state of literature in Scotland during the earlier See also:part of the last century . His life of See also:Mary, See also:Queen of Scots, in two 4to vols., was first published in 1818 . It is founded on a MS. See also:left by John See also:Whitaker, the historian of See also:Manchester; but Chalmers informs us that he found it necessary to rewrite the whole . The history of that See also:ill-fated queen occupied much of his See also:attention, and his last work, A Detection of the Love-Letters lately attributed in See also:Hugh See also:Campbell's work to Mary Queen of Scots, is an exposure of an See also:attempt to represent as genuine some fictitious letters said to have passed between Mary and See also:Bothwell which had fallen into deserved oblivion . In 1797 appeared his See also:Apology for the Believers in the See also:Shakespeare Papers which were exhibited in See also:Norfolk See also:Street, followed by other tracts on the same subject . These contributions to the literature of Shakespeare are full of curious See also:matter, but on the whole display a great See also:waste of erudition, in seeking to show that papers which had been proved forgeries might nevertheless have been genuine . Chalmers also took part in the See also:Junius controversy, and in The Author of Junius Ascertained, from a Concatenation of Circumstances amounting to Moral Demonstration, Lond . 1817, 8vo, sought to See also:fix the author-See also:ship of the celebrated letters on Hugh See also:Boyd . In 1824 he published The Poetical Remains of some of the Scottish See also:Kings, now first collected; and in the same See also:year he edited and presented as a contribution to the See also:Bannatyne See also:Club Robene and Makyne and the Testament of Cresseid, by See also:Robert See also:Henryson . His political writings are equally numerous . Among them may be mentioned Collection of See also:Treaties between Great Britain and other See also:Powers, Lond .

1790, 2 vols . 8vo; Vindication of the Privileges of the See also:

People in respect to the Constitutional Right of Free Discussion, &c., Lond . 1796, 8vo, published anonymously; A See also:Chronological See also:Account of See also:Commerce and Coinage in Great Britain from the Restoration till 181 o, Lond . 181o, 8vo; Opinions of Eminent Lawyers on various points of English See also:Jurisprudence, chiefly concerning the Colonies, See also:Fisheries, and Commerce of Great Britain, Lond . 1814, 2 vols . 8vo; Comparative Views of the State of Great Britain before and since the War, Lond . 1817, 8vo . But Chalmers's greatest work is his See also:Caledonia, which, however, he did not live to complete . The first volume appeared in 1807, and is See also:introductory to the others . It is divided into four books, treating successively of the See also:Roman, the Pictish, the Scottish and the Scoto-Saxon periods, from 8o to 1306 A.D . In these we are presented, in a condensed See also:form, with an account of the people, the See also:language and the See also:civil and ecclesiastical history, as well as the agricultural and commercial state of Scotland during the first thirteen centuries of our era . Unfortunately the chapters on the Roman period are entirely marred by the author's having accepted as genuine See also:Bertram's See also:forgery De Situ Britanniae; but otherwise his opinions on controverted topics are worthy of much respect, being founded on a laborious investigation of all the original authorities that were accessible to him .

The second volume, published in 181o, gives an account of the seven See also:

south-eastern counties of Scotland—Roxburgh, See also:Berwick, See also:Haddington, Edinburgh, See also:Linlithgow, See also:Peebles and See also:Selkirk-each of them being treated of as regards name, situation and extent, natural See also:objects, antiquities, establishment as shires, civil history, See also:agriculture, manufactures and trade, and ecclesiastical history . In 1824, after an See also:interval of fourteen years, the third volume appeared, giving, under the same headings, a description of the seven south-western counties—See also:Dumfries, See also:Kirkcudbright, See also:Wigtown, See also:Ayr, See also:Lanark, See also:Renfrew and See also:Dumbarton . In the See also:preface to this volume the author states that the materials for the history of the central and See also:northern counties were collected, and that he expected the work would be completed in two years, but this expectation was not destined to be realized . He had also been engaged on a history of Scottish See also:poetry and a history of See also:printing in Scotland . Each of them he thought likely to extend to two large See also:quarto volumes, and on both he expended an unusual amount of See also:enthusiasm and See also:energy . He had also prepared for the See also:press an elaborate history of the life and reign of David I . In his later researches he was assisted by his See also:nephew James, son of See also:Alexander Chalmers, writer in See also:Elgin . George Chalmers died. in London on the 31st of May 1825 . His valuable and extensive library he bequeathed to his nephew, at whose death in 1841 it was sold and dispersed . Chalmers was a member of the Royal and Antiquarian See also:Societies of London, an honorary member of the Antiquarian Society of Scotland, and a member of other learned societies . In private life he was undoubtedly an amiable man, although the dogmatic See also:tone that disfigures portions of his writings procured him many opponents . Among his avowed antagonists in See also:literary warfare the most distinguished were See also:Malone and See also:Steevens, the Shakespeare editors; Mathias, the author of the Pursuits of Literature; Dr See also:Jamieson,the Scottish lexicographer; See also:Pinkerton, the historian; Dr See also:Irving, the biographer of the Scottish poets; and Dr See also:Currie of See also:Liverpool .

But with all his failings in See also:

judgment Chalmers was a valuable writer . He uniformly had recourse to original See also:sources of in. formation; and he is entitled to great praise for his patriotic and self-sacrificing endeavours to illustrate the history, literature and antiquities of his native country . (J .

End of Article: GEORGE CHALMERS (1742-1825)
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