See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

THOMAS See also:

• SIR THOMAS CHALONER (1521-1565)

CHALONER (1521-1565)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English statesman and poet, was the son of See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger See also:

• CHALONER, SIR THOMAS (1521-1565)

Chaloner, See also:

• MERCER (through Fr. mercier, from popular Lat. mercerius, a dealer, merx, merces, merchandise)

mercer of See also:

• LONDON

London, a descendant of the Denbighshire Chaloners . No details are known of his youth except that he was educated at both See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford and See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge . In 1540 he went, as secretary to See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry Knyvett, to the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V., whom he accompanied in his expedition against See also:

• ALGIERS (Fr. Alger, Arab. Jezair, i.e. The Islands)

Algiers in 1541, and was wrecked on the See also:

• BARBARY

Barbary See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . In 1547 he joined in the expedition to See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, and was knighted, after the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• MUSSELBURGH

Musselburgh, by the See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector See also:

• SOMERSET, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SOMERSET, EDMUND BEAUFORT, DUKE OF (c. 1404–1455)
• SOMERSET, EDWARD SEYMOUR, DUKE OF (c. 1506–1552)
• SOMERSET, LORD ROBERT EDWARD HENRY (1776-1842)
• SOMERSET, ROBERT CARR (or KER), EARL OF (e. 1590-1645)

Somerset, whose patronage he enjoyed . In 1549 he was a See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness against Dr See also:

• BONNER, EDMUND (1500?—1569)

Bonner, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of London; in 1551 against See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen See also:

• GARDINER
• GARDINER, JAMES (1688-1745)
• GARDINER, SAMUEL RAWSON (1829–1902)
• GARDINER, STEPHEN (c. 1493–1555)

Gardiner, bishop of See also:

• WINCHESTER
• WINCHESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Winchester; in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of the latter See also:

• YEAR

year he was sent as a See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner to Scotland, and again in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1552 . In 1553 he went with Sir See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas See also:

• WOTTON, NICHOLAS (c. 1497–1567)
• WOTTON, SIR HENRY (1568–1639)
• WOTTON, WILLIAM (1666-1727)

Wotton and Sir See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• PICKERING
• PICKERING, EDWARD CHARLES (1846- )
• PICKERING, TIMOTHY (174 1829)

Pickering on an See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, but was recalled by See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary on her See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession . In spite of his See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant views, Chaloner was still employed by the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, going to Scotland in 1555-1556, and providing carriages for troops in the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with France, 1557-1558 . In 1558 he went as See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth's See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador to the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand at See also:

• CAMBRAI

Cambrai, from See also:

• JULY

July 1559 to See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1559/60 he was ambassador to See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip at See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels, and in 1561 he went in the same capacity to See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . His letters are full of complaints of his treatment there, but it was not till 1564, when in failing See also:

• HEALTH

health, that he was allowed to return See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home . He died at his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house in See also:

• CLERKENWELL

Clerkenwell on the 14th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1565 . He acquired during his years of service three estates, See also:

• GUISBOROUGH, or GUISBROUGH

Guisborough in See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire, See also:

• STEEPLE (akin to " steep")

Steeple Claydon in See also:

• BUCKINGHAMSHIRE (abbreviated Bucks)
• BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, EARLS OF

Buckinghamshire, and St Bees in See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland . He married (I) See also:

• JOAN

Joan,widow of Sir See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• LEIGH
• LEIGH, EDWARD (1602–1671)

Leigh; and(2) Etheldreda,daughter of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward Frodsham, of See also:

• ELTON, CHARLES ISAAC (1839–1900)

Elton, See also:

• CHESHIRE

Cheshire, by whom he had one son, Sir Thomas Chaloner (1561–1615), the naturalist .

Chaloner was the intimate of most of the learned men of his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, and with See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• BURGHLEY, WILLIAM CECIL, BARON (1521-1598)

Burghley he had a See also:

• LIFE

life-See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long friendship . Throughout his busy See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official life he occupied himself with literature, his Latin verses and his See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral poems being much admired by his See also:

• CON

con-temporaries . Chaloner's " See also:

• HOWE
• HOWE, EIJAS (1819 — 1867)
• HOWE, JOHN (1630-17o6)
• HOWE, JOSEPH (1804–1873)
• HOWE, JULIA WARD (1819–1910)
• HOWE, RICHARD HOWE, EARL (1726-1799)
• HOWE, SAMUEL GRIDLEY (1801-1876)
• HOWE, WILLIAM HOWE, 5TH VISCOUNT (1729-1814)

Howe the Lorde See also:

• MOWBRAY
• MOWBRAY, HARRY SIDDONS (1858– )
• MOWBRAY, ROBERT (d. 1125)

Mowbray . . was .. . banyshed the Realme," printed in the 1559 edition of William See also:

• BALDWIN, JAMES MARK (1861– )
• BALDWIN, ROBERT (1804–1858)

Baldwin's See also:

• MIRROR (through O. Fr. mirour, mod. miroir, from a sup-posed Late Lat. miratorium, from mirari, to admire)

Mirror for Magistrates (repr. in vol. ii. pt . 1 of See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph Haslewood's edition of 1815), has sometimes been attributed to Thomas See also:

• CHURCHYARD
• CHURCHYARD, THOMAS (c. 152o-16o4)

Churchyard . His most important See also:

• WORK

work, De See also:

• REP, REPP, or REPS

Rep . Anglorum instauranda libri decem, written while he was in Spain, was first published by William Malim (1579, 3 pts.), with complimentary Latin verses in praise of the author by Burghley and others . Chaloner's epigrams and epitaphs were also added to the See also:

• VOLUME

volume, as well as In laudem Henrici octavi . . . carmen Panegericum, first printed in 156o . Amongst his other See also:

• WORKS

works are The praise of folic, Moriae encomium . . . by See also:

• ERASMUS, DESIDERIUS (1466–1536)

Erasmus ..

. Englished by Sir Thomas Chaloner, See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

Knight (1549, ed . See also:

• JANET, PAUL (1823—1899)

Janet E . Ashbee, 1901); A See also:

• BOOK

book of the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

Office of Servantes (1543), translated from See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

Gilbert Cognatus; and An homilie of See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Chrysostome ... Englished by T . C . (1544) . See " The Chaloners, Lords of the See also:

• MANOR

Manor of St Bees," by William See also:

• JACKSON
• JACKSON, ANDREW (1767-1845)
• JACKSON, CYRIL (1746-1819)
• JACKSON, FREDERICK GEORGE (186o– )
• JACKSON, HELEN MARIA (1831–1885)
• JACKSON, MASON (c. 1820-1903)
• JACKSON, THOMAS (1579-1640)
• JACKSON, THOMAS JONATHAN (1824-1863)
• JACKSON, WILLIAM (1730-1803)

Jackson, in Transactions of the Cumberland Assoc. for the See also:

• ADVANCEMENT

Advancement of Literature and See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

Science, pt. vi. pp . 47-74, 188o-1881 . CHALONS-SUR-See also:

• MARNE

MARNE, a See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-eastern France, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of Marne, 107 M . E. of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris on the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• LINE

line of the Eastern railway to See also:

• NANCY

Nancy, and 25 M . S.S.E. of See also:

• REIMS
• REIMS (RHEIMS)

Reims . Pop .

(1906) 22,424 . Chalons is situated in a wide level See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain principally on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the Marne, its suburb of Marne,which contains the railwaystations of the Eastern and Est-Etat See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways, lying on the See also:

• LEFT

left bank . The town proper is bordered on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west by the lateral See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal of the Marne, across which lies a See also:

• STRIP

strip of ground separating it from the See also:

• RIVER

river itself . Chalons is traversed by branches of the canal and by small streams, and its streets are for the most See also:

• PART

part narrow and irregular, but it is surrounded by ample avenues and promenades, the See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park known as the Jard, in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-western See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter, being especially attractive . Huge See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie to the north and See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east . There are several interesting churches in the town . The See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of St See also:

• ETIENNE, CHARLES GUILLAUME (1778-1845)

Etienne See also:

• DATES

dates chiefly from the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, but its west See also:

• FACADE

facade is in the classical See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style and belongs to the 17th century . There are stained-See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass windows of the 13th century in the north See also:

• TRANSEPT (from Lat. trans, across, and septum, enclosure; synonymous terms in other languages are Fr. croisee, nef transversee; Ital. crociata; Ger. Querbau, Quersch&)

transept . Notre-See also:

• DAME
• DAME (through the Fr. from Lat. domina, mistress, lady, the feminine of dominus, master, lord)

Dame, of the 12th and 13th centuries, is conspicuous for its four Romanesque towers, two flanking the See also:

• APSE
• APSE (Gr. alkir, a fastening, especially the felloe of a wheel; Lat. absis)

apse; the other two, surmounted by tall See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead See also:

• SPIRES (Ger. Speyer or Speier)

spires, flanking the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal facade . The churches of St . Alpin, St See also:

• JEAN

Jean and St Loup date from various periods between the 11th and the 17th centuries . The hotel-de-ville (1771), facing which stands a See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument to See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

President See also:

• CARNOT, LAZARE EIPPOLYTE (18ot-1888)
• CARNOT, MARIE FRANCOIS SADI (1837-1894)
• CARNOT, SADI NICOLAS LEONHARD (1796-1832)

Carnot; the prefecture (1759-1764), once the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the intendants of See also:

• CHAMPAGNE

Champagne; the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college, once a Jesuit See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment; and a training college which occupies the Augustinian See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of Toussaints (16th and 17th centuries), are noteworthy See also:

• CIVIL

civil buildings .

The houses of Chalons are generally See also:

• ILL

ill-built of See also:

• TIMBER

timber and See also:

• PLASTER

plaster, or rough-See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast, but some old mansions, dating from the 15th to the 16th centuries, remain . The See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of Ste Pudentienne, on the left bank of the river, is a well-known See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage . The town is the seat of a bishop and a See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect, and headquarters of the VI. See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps; it has tribunals of first instance and of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, a chamber of commerce, a See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade-arbitrators, a museum, a library, training colleges, a higher ecclesiastical See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary, a communal college and an important technical school . The principal See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry is See also:

• BREWING

brewing, which is carried on in the suburb of Marne . Galleries of immense length, hewn in a See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill and served by lines of railway, are used as See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store-houses for See also:

• BEER

beer . The preparation of champagne, the manufacture of boots and shoes, brushes, See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire-goods and See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall-See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper also occupy many hands . There is trade in cereals . Chalons-sur-Marne occupies the site of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief town of the Catalauni, and some portion of the plains which lie between it and See also:

• TROYES

Troyes was the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the defeat of See also:

• ATTILA (d. 453)

Attila in the conflict of 451 . In the loth and following centuries it attained See also:

• GREAT

great prosperity as a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state under the supremacy of its bishops, who were ecclesiastical peers of France . In 1214 the See also:

• MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

militia of Chalons served at the battle of See also:

• BOUVINES

Bouvines; and in the 15th century the citizens maintained their See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour by twice (1430 and 1434) repulsing the English from their walls . In the 16th century the town sided with Henry IV., king of France, who in 1589 transferred thither the See also:

• PARLEMENT (see PARLIAMENT)

parlement of Paris, which shortly afterwards burnt the bulls of See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory XIV. and See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement VIII . In 1856 See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon III. established a large See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp, known as the Camp of Chalons, about 16 m. north of the town by the railway to Reims .

It was situated in the immediate See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour-See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood of See also:

• GRAND

Grand Mourmelon and See also:

• PETIT, SIR DINSHAW MANECKJI, BART

Petit Mourmelon, and occupied an See also:

• AREA

area of nearly 30,000 acres . The " Army of Chalons," formed by See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal See also:

• MACMAHON, MARIE

MacMahon in the camp after the first reverses of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French in 187o, marched thence to the See also:

• MEUSE
• MEUSE (Flem. Maes, Du. Maas)

Meuse, was surrounded by the Germans at See also:

• SEDAN

Sedan, and forced to capitulate . The camp is still a training-centre for troops . About 5 M . E. of Chalons is L'Epine, where there is a beautiful pilgrimage church (r 5th and 16th centuries, with See also:

• MODERN

modern restoration) with a richly-sculptured portal . In the interior there is a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir-See also:

• SCREEN (usually, but very doubtfully, connected with Lat. scrinium, a box for holding books, from scribere, to write; a connexion with Ger. Schranke, barrier, has been suggested)

screen, an See also:

• ORGAN

organ of the 16th century, and an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient and much-venerated statue of the Virgin . CHALON-SUR-See also:

• SAONE

SAONE, a town of east-central France, capital of an See also:

• ARRONDISSEMENT (from arrondir, to make round)

arrondissement in the department of Saline-et-See also:

• LOIRE

Loire, 81 m . N. of See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons by the Paris-See also:

• LYON, MARY MASON (1797-1849)
• LYON, NATHANIEL (1818-1861)

Lyon railway . Pop . (1906) 26,538 . It is a well-built town, with fine quays, situated in an extensive plain on the right bank of the Saone at its junction with the Canal du Centre . A handsome See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge of the 15th century, decorated in the 18th century with obelisks, connects it with the suburb of St See also:

• LAURENT, FRANCOIS (1810–1887)

Laurent on an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island in the river .

The principal See also:

• BUILDING

building is the church of St See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent, once the cathedral . It dates mainly from the 12th to the 15th centuries, but the facade is modern and unpleasing . The old bishop's See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace is a building of the 15th century . The church of St See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre, with two lofty steeples, dates from the See also:

• LATE

late 17th century . Chalon pre-serves remains of its ancient ramparts and a number of old houses . The administrative buildings are modern . An See also:

• OBELISK (Gr. b/3EXivrcos, diminutive of OEMs, a spit)

obelisk was erected in 1730 to commemorate the opening of the canal . There is a statue of J . N . See also:

• NIEPCE, JOSEPH NICEPHORE (1765-1833)

Niepce, a native of the town . Chalon is the seat of a sub-prefect and a court of assizes, and there are tribunals of first instance and commerce, a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Bank of France, a chamber of commerce, communal colleges for boys and girls, a school of See also:

• DRAWING

drawing, a public library and a museum . Chalon ranks next to Le Creusot among the manufacturing towns of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy; its position at the junction of the Canal du Centre and the Saone, and as a railway centre for Lyons, Paris, D61e, Lons-le-Saunier and See also:

• ROANNE

Roanne, brings it a large transit trade .

The See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding and working of See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper and See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron is its main industry; the large See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering works of Petit-Creusot, a branch of those of Le Creusot, construct See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges, tug-boats and See also:

• TORPEDO

torpedo-boats; distilleries, glass-works, chemical works, See also:

• STRAW

straw-See also:

• HAT

hat manufactories, oil-works, See also:

• TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with Lat. tegula)

tile-works and See also:

• SUGAR

sugar refineries also occupy many hands . See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

Wine, See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, iron, See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather and timber are among the many products for which the town is an entrep8t . About 2 M. east of Chalon is St See also:

• MARCEL, ETIENNE (d: 1358)

Marcel (named after the saint who in the 2nd century preached See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity at Chalon), which has a church of the 12th century, once belonging to a famous abbey . Chalon-sur-Saone is identified with the ancient Cabillonum, originally an important town of the See also:

• AEDUI, HAEDUT

Aedui . It was chosen in the 6th century by Gontram, king of Burgundy, as his capital; and it continued till the loth to pay for its importance by being frequently sacked . The bishopric, founded in the 4th century, was suppressed at the Revolution . In feudal times Chalon was the capital of a countship . In 1237 it was given in See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange for other fiefs in the See also:

• JURA
• JURA (" deer island ")

Jura by Jean le See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

Sage, whose descendants nevertheless retained the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title . See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh IV., See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Burgundy, the other party to the exchange, gave the citizens a communal See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter in 1256 . In its modern See also:

• HISTORY

history the most important event was the resistance offered to a See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian army in 1814 .