See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

ROBERT See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• ROBERT CHAMBERS (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

CHAMBERS (18oz-1871)  , Scottish author and publisher, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• PEEBLES

Peebles on the loth of See also:

• JULY

July 1802 . He was sent to the See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, and gave See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of unusual See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste and ability . A small circulating library in the See also:

• TOWN

town, and a copy of the See also:

• ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Encyclopaedia Britannica which his See also:

• FATHER

father had See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased, furnished him with stores of See also:

• READING

reading of which he eagerly availed himself . See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Long afterwards he wrote of his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early years—" Books, not playthings, filled my hands in childhood . At twelve I was deep, not only in See also:

• POETRY

poetry and fiction, but in encyclopaedias." See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert had been destined for the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, but this See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design had to be abandoned for lack of means . The See also:

• FAMILY

family removed to See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh in 1813, and in 1818 Robert began business as a bookstall-keeper in See also:

• LEITH

Leith Walk . He -was then only sixteen, and his whole stock consisted of a few old books belonging to his father . In 1819 his See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William had begun a similar business, and the two eventually See also:

• UNITED

united as partners in the See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing See also:

• FIRM

firm of W . & R . See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

Chambers . Robert Chambers showed an enthusiastic See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the See also:

• HISTORY

history and antiquities of Edinburgh, and found a most congenial task in his Traditions of Edinburgh (2 vols., 1824), which secured for him the approval and the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal friendship of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott . A History of the Rebellions in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland from 1638 to 1745 (5 vols., 1828) and numerous other See also:

• WORKS

works followed .

In the beginning of 1832 William Chambers started a weekly publication under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Chambers's Edinburgh See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal (known since 1854 as Chambers's Journal of Literature, See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

Science and Arts), which speedily attained a large circulation . Robert was at first only a contributor . After fourteen See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers had appeared, however, he was associated with his brother as See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint-editor, and his collaboration contributed more perhaps than anything else to the success of the Journal . Among the other numerous works of which Robert was in whole or in See also:

• PART

part the author, the See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

Biographical See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen (4 vols., See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow, 1832-1835), the Cyclopaedia of See also:

• ENGLISH

English Literature (1844), the See also:

• LIFE

Life and Works of Robert See also:

• BURNS, JOHN (1858– )
• BURNS, ROBERT (1759-1796)
• BURNS, SIR GEORGE

Burns (4 vols., 1851), See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea Margins (1848), the Domestic See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

Annals of Scotland (3 vols., 1859-1861) and the See also:

• BOOK

Book of Days (2 vols., 1862–1864) were the most important . Chambers's Encyclopaedia (r859–1868), with Dr See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew See also:

• FINDLATER, ANDREW (1810—,885)

Findlater as editor, was carried out under the superintendence of the See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers (see ENCYCLOPAEDIA) . The Cyclopaedia of English Literature' contains a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of admirably selected extracts from the best authors of every See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, " set in a biographical and See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical history of the literature itself." For the Life of Burns he made diligent and laborious See also:

• ORIGINAL

original investigations, gathering many hitherto unrecorded facts from the poet's See also:

• SISTER

sister, Mrs Begg, to whose benefit the whole profits of the See also:

• WORK

work were generously devoted . Robert Chambers was a scientific geologist, and availed himself of See also:

• TOURS

tours in Scandinavia and See also:

• CANADA

Canada for the purpose of See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological exploration . The results of his travels were embodied in Tracings of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe (1851) and Tracings in See also:

• ICELAND (Dan. Island)

Iceland and the Faroe Islands (1856) . His knowledge of See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology was one of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal grounds on which the authorship of the Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (2 vols., 1843–1846) was eventually assigned to him . The book was published anonymously . Robert Chambers was aware of the See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm that would probably be raised at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time by a rational treatment of the subject, and did not wish to involve his firm in the discredit that a See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of heterodoxy would bring with it . The arrangements for publication were made through See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland of See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester, and the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret was so well kept that such different names as those of See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert and Sir See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• LYELL, SIR CHARLES (1797-1875)

Lyell were coupled with the book .

Ireland in 1884 issued a 12th edition, with a See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface giving an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of its authorship, which there was no longer any See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for concealing . The Book of Days was Chambers's last publication, and perhaps his most elaborate . It was a See also:

• MISCELLANY

miscellany of popular antiquities in connexion with the See also:

• CALENDAR

calendar, and it is supposed that his excessive labour in connexion with this book hastened his See also:

• DEATH

death, which took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place at St See also:

• ANDREWS, JAMES PETTIT (c. 1737–1797)
• ANDREWS, THOMAS (1813–1885)

Andrews on the 17th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1871 . Two years before, the university of St Andrews had conferred upon him the degree of See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor of See also:

• LAWS

laws, and he was elected a member of the See also:

• ATHENAEUM

Athenaeum See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club in See also:

• LONDON

London . It is his highest claim to distinction that he did so much to give a healthy See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone to the cheap popular literature which has become so important a See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization . His brother, WILLIAM CHAMBERS (1800–1883) was born at Peebles, on the 16th of See also:

• APRIL

April r800 . He was the See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius of the publishing firm . He laid the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Edinburgh under the greatest obligations by his public spirit and munificence . As See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord See also:

• PROVOST (through O. Fr. prevost, mod. prevot, Lat. praepositus, set over, from praeponere, to place in front)

provost he procured the passing in 1867 of the Improvement See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act, which led to the reconstruction of a See also:

• GREAT

great part of the Old Town, and at a later date he proposed and carried out, largely at his own expense, the restoration of the See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble and then neglected church of St See also:

• GILES (GIL, GILLES), ST

Giles, making it in a sense " the See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

Abbey of Scotland." This service was fitly acknowledged by the offer of a baronetcy, which he did not live to receive, dying on the loth of May 1883, three days before the reopening of the church . He was the author of a history of St Giles's, of a memoir of himself and his brother (1872), and of many other useful publications . On his death in 1883 Robert Chambers (1832–1888), son of Robert Chambers, succeeded as See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the firm, and edited the Journal until his death . His eldest son, Charles See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

Stuart Chambers (b .

1859), became editor of the Journal and chairman of W . & R . Chambers, Limited . See also Memoir of Robert Chambers, with Autobiographic Reminiscences of William Chambers (1872), the 13th ed. of which (1884) has a supplementary See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter; Alexander Ireland's preface to the 12th ed . (1884) of the Vestiges of Creation; the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

Story of a Long and Busy Life (1884), by William Chambers; and some discriminating appreciation in See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• PAYN, JAMES (1830-1898)

Payn's Some Literary Recollections (1884), chapter v . The Select Writings of Robert Chambers were published in 7 vols. in 1847, and a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of the works of the brothers is added to A See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

Catalogue of Some of the Rarer Books . . . in the Collection of C . E . S . Chambers (Edinburgh, 1891) .