See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

CHAMPION (Fr. champion, See also:

• LATE

Late See also:

• LAT

Lat. campio from campus; a See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, See also:

• BATTLE

battle, and Kampfer, fighter)  , in the judicial combats of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages the substitute for a party to the suit disabled from bearing arms or specially exempt from the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty to do so (see See also:

• WAGER (derived, through Fr. wagier, gagier, from Lat. vadiunz, a pledge)

WAGER) . Hence the word has come to be applied to any one who " champions," or contends on behalf of, any See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person or cause . In the See also:

• LAWS

laws of the See also:

• LOMBARDS, or LANGOBARDI

Lombards (See also:

• LIB

lib. ii. tit . 56 §§ 38, 39), those who by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of youth, See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age or infirmity could not See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear arms were allowed to nominate champions, and the same See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision was made in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of See also:

• WOMEN

women (lib. i. tit . 3 § 6, tit . 16, §2) . This was practically the See also:

• RULE

rule laid down in all subsequent legislation on the subject . Thus the See also:

• ASSIZE

Assize of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem (cap . 39) says: " These are the See also:

• PEOPLE

people who may defend themselves through champions; a woman, a sick See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, a man who has passed the age of sixty, &c." The See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, too, whether as individuals or corporations, were represented by champions; in the case of bishops and abbots this See also:

• FUNCTION

function was See also:

• PART

part of the duties of the advocatus (see See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

ADVOCATE) . Du Cange gives instances of See also:

• MERCENARY (Lat. mercenarius, from merces, reward, gain)

mercenary champions (campiones conductitii), who were regarded as " infamous persons " and sometimes, in case of defeat, were condemned to lose See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand or See also:

• FOOT

foot . Sometimes championships were " serjeanties," i.e. rendered service to lords, churches or cities in See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of the See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of certain fiefs, or for See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• MONEY

money payments, the See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion doing See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage to the person or See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation represented by him (campiones homagii) . The See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of " See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's champion " (campio regis) is See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England .

The function of the king's champion, when the ceremonial of the See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation was carried out in its completeness, was to ride, clad in See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour, on his right the high See also:

• CONSTABLE (0. Fr. connestable, Fr. connetable, Med. Lat. comestabilis, conestabilis, constabularius, from the Lat. comes stabuli, count of the stable)
• CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD (1774-1827)
• CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613)
• CONSTABLE, JOHN (1776-1837)
• CONSTABLE, SIR MARMADUKE (c. 1455-1518)

constable, on his See also:

• LEFT

left the See also:

• EARL

earl See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal, into See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall during the coronation banquet, and See also:

• CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

challenge to single combat any who should dispute the king's right to reign . The challenge was thrice repeated by the See also:

• HERALD (O. Fr. heraut, herault; the origin is uncertain, but O.H.G. heren, to call, or hariwald, leader of an army, have been proposed; the Gr. equivalent is Kddpvi : Lat. praeco, caduceator, fetialis)

herald, at the entrance to the hall, in the centre, and at the foot of the See also:

• DAIS (Fr. dais, estrade, Ital. predella)

dais . On picking up his See also:

• GAUNTLET (a diminutive of the Fr. gant, glove)

gauntlet for the third See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the champion was pledged by the king in a gilt-covered See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup, which was then presented to him as his See also:

• FEE

fee by the king . If he had had occasion to fight, and was victorious, his fee would have been the armour he wore and the See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse he rode, the second best in the royal stables; but no such occasion has ever arisen . This picturesque ceremonial was last performed at the coronation of See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George IV . The office of king's champion is of See also:

• GREAT

great antiquity, and its origins are involved in great obscurity . It is said to have been held under See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William the Conqueror by See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert or See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger Marmion, whose ancestors had been hereditary champions in See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy . The first See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record, however is a See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry I., signed by Robert Marmion (Robertus de Bajucis campio regis) . Of the actual exercise of the office the earliest record See also:

• DATES

dates from the coronation of See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard II . On this occasion the champion, See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• DYMOKE

Dymoke, appeared at the See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door of the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

Abbey immediately after the coronation See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass, but was peremptorily told to go away and return later; moreover, in his See also:

• BILL

bill presented to the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of claims, he stated that the champion was to ride in the procession before the service, and make his challenge to all the See also:

• WORLD

world . This seems to show that the ceremony, as might be expected, was originally performed before the king's coronation, when it would have had some significance . The office of king's champion is hereditary, and is now held by the See also:

• FAMILY

family of Dymoke (q.v.) .

See Du Cange, Glossarium, s.v . " Campio "; L . G . Wickham Legg, See also:

• ENGLISH

English Coronation Records (Westminster, 1901); J . H . T . See also:

• PERKINS, CHARLES CALLAHAN (1823-1886)
• PERKINS, JACOB (1766-1849)

Perkins, The Coronation See also:

• BOOK

Book (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1902) .