See also:

• NICOLAS
• NICOLAS, SIR NICHOLAS HARRIS (1799–1848)

NICOLAS See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

ANNE THEODULE See also:

• NICOLAS ANNE THEODULE CHANGARNIER (1793–1877)

CHANGARNIER (1793–1877)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• AUTUN

Autun on the 26th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1793 . Educated at St Cyr, he served for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in the bodyguard of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XVIII., and entered the See also:

• LINE

line as a See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1815 . He achieved distinction in the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1823, and became See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain in 1825 . In 183o he entered the Royal Guard and was sent to See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, where he took See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• MASCARA

Mascara expedition . Promoted commandant in 1835, he distinguished himself under See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal See also:

• CLAUSEL (more correctly CLAUZEL), BERTRAND, COUNT (1772–1842)

Clausel in the campaign against Ahmed See also:

• PASHA

Pasha, See also:

• BEY (a modern Turk. word, the older form being beg, cf. Pers. baig)

bey of See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine, and became lieutenant-See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel in 1837 . The part he took in the, expedition of Portes-de-Fer gained him a colonelcy, and his success against the Hajutas and See also:

• KABYLES, or KABAIL

Kabyles, the See also:

• CROSS

cross of the See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

Legion of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

Honour . Three more years of brilliant service in Africa won for him the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of marechal de See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp in 1840, and of lieutenant-general in 1843 . In 1847 he held the See also:

• ALGIERS (Fr. Alger, Arab. Jezair, i.e. The Islands)

Algiers divisional command . He visited See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 1848, assisted the provisional See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to establish See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, and returned to Africa in May to succeed General See also:

• CAVAIGNAC, JEAN BAPTISTE (1762–1829)
• CAVAIGNAC, LOUIS EUGENE (1802–1857)

Cavaignac in the government of See also:

• ALGERIA
• ALGERIA (Algerie)

Algeria . He was speedily recalled on his See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election to the general See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly for the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

Seine, and received the command of the See also:

• NATIONAL

National Guard of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, to which was added soon afterwards that of the troops in Paris, altogether nearly See also:

• IOO

Ioo,o00 men . He held a high See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place and exercised See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in the complicated politics of the next two years . In 1849 he received the See also:

• GRAND

grand cross of the Legion of Honour .

An avowed enemy of republican institutions, he held a unique position in upholding the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president; but in January 1851 he opposed Louis See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon's policy, was in consequence deprived of his See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double command, and at the coup d'etat in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December was arrested and sent to Mazas, until his banishment from France by the See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of the 9th of January 1852 . He returned to France after the general See also:

• AMNESTY (from the Gr. &µvrly-ria, oblivion)

amnesty, and resided in his See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate in the department of See also:

• SAONE

Saone-et-See also:

• LOIRE

Loire . In 187o he held no command, but was See also:

• PRESENT

present with the headquarters, and afterwards with See also:

• BAZAINE, ACHILLE FRANCOIS (1811–1888)

Bazaine in See also:

• METZ

Metz . He was employed on an unsuccessful See also:

• MISSION

mission to See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles, commanding the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army which besieged Metz, and on the See also:

• CAPITULATION (Lat. capitulum, a little head or division; capitulare, to treat upon terms)

capitulation became a prisoner of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . At the See also:

• ARMISTICE (from Lat. arma, arms, and sistere, to stop)

armistice he returned to Paris, and in 1871 was elected to the National Assembly by four departments, and sat for the See also:

• SOMME

Somme . He took an active part in politics, defended the conduct of Marshal Bazaine, and served on the See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee which elaborated the monarchical constitution . When the See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte de See also:

• CHAMBORD
• CHAMBORD, HENRI CHARLES FERDINAND MARIE DIEUDONNE, COMTE DE (182o-1883)

Chambord refused the See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise, he moved the See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution to extend the executive power for ten years to Marshal See also:

• MACMAHON, MARIE

MacMahon . He was elected a See also:

• LIFE

life senator in 1875 . He died in Paris on the 14th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1877 . CHANG-CHOW, a See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• CHINA

China, in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Fu-kien, on a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• LUNG

Lung Kiang, 35 M . W. of See also:

• AMOY

Amoy . It is surrounded by a See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall 41 M. in circumference, which, however, includes a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• DEAL

deal of open ground .

The streets are pave d with See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite, but are very dirty . The See also:

• RIVER

river is crossed by a curious See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge, Soo ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, constructed of wooden planks supported on twenty-five piles of stones about 30 ft. apart . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city is a centre of the See also:

• SILK

silk-See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, and carries on an extensive See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce in different directions . See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

Brick-See also:

• WORKS

works and See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-factories are among its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial establishments . Its See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population is estimated at about 1,000,000 .