CHAPLAIN  , strictly one who conducts service in a See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel (q.v.), i.e. a See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest or See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister without parochial See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge who is attached for See also:

• SPECIAL

special duties to a See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign or his representatives (ambassadors, See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges, &c.), to bishops, to the establishments of nobles, &c., to institutions (e.g. See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress, colleges, See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, workhouses, cemeteries), or to the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army and the See also:

• NAVY

navy . In some cases a See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish priest is also appointed to a chaplaincy, butin so far as he is a chaplain he has no parochial duties . Thus a See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church appoints examining chaplains who conduct the examination of candidates for See also:

• HOLY

holy orders; such officials generally hold See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary benefices also . The See also:

• BRITISH

British sovereign has 36 " Chaplains in Ordinary," who perform service at St See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James's in rotation, as well as " Honorary Chaplains " and " Chaplains of the See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

Household." There are also royal chaplains in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland and See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland . The Scottish chaplains in ordinary are on the same basis as those in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, but the Irish chaplains are attached to the household of the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord-See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant . The See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CIVIL

civil service appoints a number of clergymen of the Church of England and the Church of Scotland . These clergymen are known as Chaplains, and are subject to the same conditions as other civil servants, being eligible for a retiring See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension after 23 years of service . Chaplains are also appointed under the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office to embassies, legations, consulates, &c . Workhouse chaplains are appointed by overseers and guardians on the direction of the See also:

• LOCAL

Local See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board, to which alone such chaplains are responsible . See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

Prison chaplains are appointed by the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home secretary . In the British army there are two kinds of chaplains, permanent and occasional . The former, described as Chaplains to the Forces, hold commissions, serving throughout the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire except in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India: they include a Chaplain-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General who ranks as a See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major-general, and four classes of subordinate chaplains who See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank respectively as colonels, lieutenant-colonels, majors and captains .

There are about too in all . Special chaplains (Acting Chaplains for Temporary Service) may be appointed by a secretary of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state under the Army Chaplains See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of 1868 to perform religious service for the army in particular districts . The permanent chaplains may be Church of England, See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic, or Presbyterian; Wesleyans (if they prefer not to accept commissions) may be appointed Acting Chaplains . The Church of England chaplains See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report to the chaplain-general, while other chaplains report to the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War Office See also:

• DIRECT

direct . In the navy, chaplains are likewise appointed but do not hold See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official rank . They must have a special ecclesiastical See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence from the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury . In 1909 a Chaplains' See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department of the Territorial Force was formed; there is no denominational restriction . In the armies and navies of all See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian countries chaplains are officially appointed, with the single exception of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, where the office was abolished on the separation of Church and State . In the army of the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America chaplains are originally appointed by the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president, and subsequently are under the authority of the secretary of war, who receives recommendations as regards See also:

• TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer from department commanders . By act of Congress, approved in See also:

• APRIL

April 1904, the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of chaplains was fixed at 57 (15 with the rank of major), 12 for the See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps and 1 each for the See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry and See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry regiments . There is no distinction of See also:

• SECT

sect . In the U.S. navy the chaplains are 24 in number, of whom 13 rank as lieutenants, 7 as commanders, 4 as captains .

In the armies of Roman Catholic countries there are elaborate regulations . Where the chaplains are numerous a chaplain-major is generally appointed, but in the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of special See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction from the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope such officer has no spiritual See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction . Moreover, chaplains must be approved by the ordinary of the locality . In See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria there are Roman Catholic, See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek Church, Jewish and See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan chaplains . The Roman Catholic chaplains are classed as parish priests, curates and assistants, and are subject to an army See also:

• VICAR (Lat. vicarius, substitute)

Vicar Apostolic . In war, at an army headquarters there are a " See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field-See also:

• RABBI

rabbi," a " military See also:

• IMAM

imam," an evangelical minister, as well as the Roman Catholic See also:

• HIERARCHY (Gr. iepos, holy, and apxe.v, to rule)

hierarchy . By a See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of the Sacred See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

Congregation of Propaganda (May 15, 1906), the archbishop of See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster is the ecclesiastical See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior of all commissioned Roman Catholic chaplains in the British army and navy, and he is empowered to negotiate with the civil authorities concerning appointments . In See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, owing to the fact that there are different religions in the different states, there is no See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform See also:

• SYSTEM

system . In See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia there are two Feldprobste (who are directly under the war minister), one Lutheran, one Roman Catholic . The latter is a titular bishop, and has See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole spiritual authority over soldiers . There are also army corps and divisional chaplains of both faiths . See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria and See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony, both Roman Catholic states, have no special spiritual hierarchy; in Bavaria, the archbishop of See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich and Freysing is ex officio bishop of the army .

The origin of the office of capellanus or cappellanus in the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval church is generally traced (see Du Cange, See also:

• GLOSS, GLOSSARY

Gloss. med. et infim . Latin.) to the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of persons to See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch over the sacred cloak (cap pa or See also:

• CAPELLA, MARTIANUS MINNEUS FELIX

capella) of St See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin of See also:

• TOURS

Tours, which was preserved as a relic by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French monarchs . In See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of war this cloak was carried with the army in the field, and was kept in a See also:

• TENT

tent which itself came to be known as a cappella or capella . It is also suggested that the capella was simply the tent or See also:

• CANOPY (through Fr. canape, from Med. Lat. canapeum, classical conopeum, a mosquito curtain, Gr. K6v(.4, a gnat)

canopy which the French See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings erected over the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar in the field for the See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of the soldiers . However this may be, the name capellanus was generally applied to those who were in charge of sacred See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics: such officials were also known as custodes, martyrarii, cubicularii . Thus we hear of a custos palatinae capellae who was in charge of the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace chapel relics, and guarded them in the field; the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of these custodes was sometimes called the archicapellanus . From the care of sacred relics preserved in royal chapels, &c . (sacella or capellae), the office of capellanus naturally extended its See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope until it covered practically that of the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court chaplain, and was officially recognized by the Church . These clerics became the confessors in royal and See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble houses, and were generally chosen from among bishops and other high dignitaries . The See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-chaplain not only received jurisdiction within the royal household, but represented the authority of the monarch in religious matters, and also acquired more general See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers . In France the arch-chaplain was See also:

• GRAND

grand-See also:

• ALMONER (from Lat. eleemosynarius, through med. Lat. almosynarius, almonarius, and Fr. almosnier, aumosniea, &c., mod. Fr. aumonier)

almoner, and both in France and in the Holy Roman Empire was also high See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of the See also:

• REALM

realm . The office was abolished in France at the Revolution in 1789, revived by See also:

• PIUS

Pius IX. in 1857, and again abolished on the fall of the Second Empire .

The Roman Catholic Church also recognizes a class of beneficed chaplains, supported out of " pious See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations " for the specific See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of saying, or arranging for, certain masses, or taking See also:

• PART

part in certain services . These chaplains are classified as follows:—Ecclesiastical, if the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation has been recognized officiallyas a See also:

• BENEFICE (Lat. beneficium, benefit)

benefice; See also:

• LAY

Lay, if this recognition has not been obtained; See also:

• MERCENARY (Lat. mercenarius, from merces, reward, gain)

Mercenary, if the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person who has been entrusted with the duty of performing or procuring the desired celebration is a layman (such persons also are sometimes called " Lay Chaplains ") ; Collative, if it is provided that a bishop shall collate or confer the right to act upon the accepted See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate, who otherwise could not be recognized as an ecclesiastical chaplain . There are elaborate regulations governing the appointment and conduct of these chaplains . Other classes of chaplains are:—(x) Parochial or See also:

• AUXILIARY (from Lat. auxilium, help)

Auxiliary Chaplains, appointed either by a parish priest (under a See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision authorized by the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council of See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent) or by a bishop to take over certain specified duties which he is unable to perform; (2) Chaplains of Convents, appointed by a bishop: these must be men of mature See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, should not be regulars unless See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular priests cannot be obtained, and are not generally to be appointed for See also:

• LIFE

life; (3) Pontifical Chaplains, some of whom (known as Private Chaplains) assist the pontiff in the celebration of See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

Mass; others attached directly to the pope are honorary private chaplains who occasionally assist the private chaplains, private clerics of the chapel, See also:

• COMMON

common chaplains and supernumerary chaplains . The common chaplains were instituted by See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander VII., and in 1907 were definitely allowed the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title " Monsignore " by Pius X .