See also:

• CHARIOT (derived from an O. Fr. word, formed from char, a car)

CHARIOT (derived from an O. Fr. word, formed from See also:

• CHAR (Salvelinus)

char, a See also:

• CAR (Late Lat. carra)

car)  , in antiquity, a See also:

• CONVEYANCE

conveyance (Gr. ap,ua, See also:

• LAT

Lat. currus) used in See also:

• BATTLE

battle, for the See also:

• CHASE
• CHASE, SALMON PORTLAND (1808-1873)
• CHASE, SAMUEL (1741–1811)
• CHASE, WILLIAM MERRITT (1849– )

chase, in public processions and in See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games . The See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• CHARIOT (derived from an O. Fr. word, formed from char, a car)

chariot had two wheels, and was made to be See also:

• DRAWN

drawn by two horses; if a third or, more commonly, two reserve horses were added, they were attached on each See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main pair by a single trace fastened to the front of the chariot, as may be seen on two See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize vases in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum from the Panathenaic games at See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens . On the monuments there is no other sign of traces, from the want of which See also:

• WHEELING

wheeling See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round must have been difficult . Immediately on the See also:

• AXLE (in Mid. Eng. axel-tre, from O. Norweg. oxull-tre, cognate with the O. Eng. exe or eaxe, and connected with Sansk. dksha, Gr. a wv, and Lat. axis)

axle (etEwv, See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis), without springs of any See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, rested the See also:

• BASKET

basket or See also:

• BODY

body (SLQ,pos) of the chariot, which consisted of a See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor to stand on, and a semicircular guard round the front about See also:

• HALF

half the height of the See also:

• DRIVER, SAMUEL ROLLES (1846– )

driver . It was entirely open at the back, so that the combatant might readily leap to the ground and up again as was necessary . There was no seat, and generally only See also:

• ROOM

room for the combatant and his charioteer to stand in . The See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

pole (fivµos, lemo) was probably attached to the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the axle, though it appears to See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring from the front of the basket; at the end of the pole was the yoke G'uyov, jugum), which consisted of two small saddles fitting the necks of the horses, and fastened by broad bands round the See also:

• CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest . Besides this the See also:

• HARNESS (from O. Fr. harneis or harnois; the ultimate origin is obscure; the Celtic origin which connects it with the Welsh haiarn, iron, has phonetic and other difficulties; the French is the origin of the Span. arnes, and Ger. Harnisch)

harness of each See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse consisted of a bridle and a pair of reins, mostly the same as in use now, made of See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather and ornamented with studs of See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory or See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal . The reins were passed through rings attached to the See also:

• COLLAR

collar bands or yoke, and were See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long enough to be tied round the See also:

• WAIST

waist of the charioteer in See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of his having to defend himself . The wheels and body of the chariot were usually of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, strengthened in places with See also:

• BRONZE

bronze or See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron; the wheels had from four to eight spokes and tires of bronze or iron . This description applies generally to the chariots of all the nations of antiquity; the See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences consisted chiefly in the mountings . The chariots of the Egyptians and Assyrians, with whom the See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow was the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm of attack, were richly mounted with quivers full of arrows, while those of the Greeks, whose characteristic weapon was the See also:

• SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

spear, were See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain except as regards See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere decoration .

Among the Persians, again, and more remarkably among the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Britons, there was a class of chariot having the wheels mounted with See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp, sickle-shaped See also:

• BLADES, WILLIAM (1824-1890)

blades, which cut to pieces whatever came in their way . This was probably an invention of the Persians; See also:

• CYRUS
• CYRUS (Gr. KDpos; Pers. Kuru-sh; Babyl. Kurash; Hebr. Koresh)

Cyrus the younger employed these chariots in large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers . Among the Greeks and See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the chariot had passed out of use in See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war before See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical times, and was retained only for races in the public games, or for processions, without undergoing any alteration apparently, its See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form continuing to correspond with the description of See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer, though it was lighter in build, having to carry only the charioteer . On two Panathenaic prize vases in the British Museum are figures of racing bigae, in which, contrary to the description given above, the driver is seated with his feet resting on a See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board See also:

• HANGING

hanging down in front See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the legs of his horses . The biga itself consists of a seat resting on the axle, with a See also:

• RAIL

rail at each side to protect the driver from the wheels . The chariot was unsuited to the uneven See also:

• SOIL

soil of See also:

• GREECE

Greece and See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, and it is not improbable that these nations had brought it with them as See also:

• PART

part of their See also:

• ORIGINAL

original habits from their former seats in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East . In the remains of See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian and See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian See also:

• ART

art there are numerous representations of chariots, from which it may be seen with what richness they were sometimes ornamented . The " iron " chariots in use among the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews appear to have been chariots strengthened or plated with metal, and no doubt were of the form above described, which prevailed generally among the other ancient nations . (See also See also:

• CARRIAGE

CARRIAGE.) The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief authorities are J . C . Ginzrot, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Wagen and Fahrwerkeder Griechen and Romer (1817) ; C . F .

Grashof, Ober das Fuhrwerk bei Homer and See also:

• HESIOD

Hesiod (1846) ; W . See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

Leaf in See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of Hellenic Studies, v . ; E . See also:

• BUCHHOLZ

Buchholz, Die homerischen Realien (1871–1885) ; W . Helbig, Das homerische Epos aus den Denkmalern erlautert (1884), and the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article " Currus " in Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire See also:

• DES

des Antiquites .