See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

CHARLEMAGNE [See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

CHARLES THE See also:

• GREAT

GREAT] (c. 742-814)  , See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, and See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of the See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks, was the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder son of See also:

• PIPPIN, or PEPIN

Pippin the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

Short, king of the Franks, and Bertha, or Bertrada, daughter of See also:

• CHARIBERT (d. 567)

Charibert, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of See also:

• LAON

Laon . The See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of his See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth is unknown and its date uncertain, although some authorities give it as the and of See also:

• APRIL

April 742; doubts have been See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast upon his See also:

• LEGITIMACY

legitimacy, and it is just possible that the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage of Pippin and Bertha took place subsequent to the birth of their elder son . When Pippin was crowned king of the Franks at St See also:

• DENIS (DIoNysms), SAINT
• DENIS, JOHANN NEPOMUK COSMAS MICHAEL (1729-1800)

Denis on the 28th of See also:

• JULY

July 754 by See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen II., See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles, and his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• CARLOMAN
• CARLOMAN (751-771)
• CARLOMAN (828-88o)
• CARLOMAN (d. 754)
• CARLOMAN (d. 884)

Carloman were anointed by thepope as a sign of their kingly See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank . The rough surroundings of the Frankish See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court were unfavourable to the acquisition of learning, and Charles See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up almost ignorant of letters, but See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

hardy in See also:

• BODY

body and skilled in the use of weapons . In 761 he accompanied his See also:

• FATHER

father on a See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign in See also:

• AQUITAINE

Aquitaine, and in 763 undertook the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of several counties . In 768 Pippin divided his dominions between his two sons, and on his See also:

• DEATH

death soon afterwards Charles became the ruler of the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern portion of the Frankish See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, and was crowned at See also:

• NOYON

Noyon on the 9th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 768 . See also:

• BAD, BCD

Bad feeling had existed for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time between Charles and Carloman, and when Charles See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 769 was called upon to suppress a rising in Aquitaine, his brother refused to afford him any assistance . This See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion, however, was easily crushed, its See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader, the Aquitainian See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke Hunold, was made prisoner, and his territory more closely attached to the Frankish kingdom . About this time Bertha, having effected a temporary reconciliation between her sons, overcame the repugnance with which Pope Stephen III. regarded an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance between See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

Frank and Lombard, and brought about a marriage between Charles and a daughter of See also:

• DESIDERIUS

Desiderius, king of the See also:

• LOMBARDS, or LANGOBARDI

Lombards . Charles had previously contracted a See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union, probably of an irregular nature, with a Frankish See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady named Himiltrude, who had See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne him a son Pippin, the " Hunchback." The See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace with the Lombards, in which the Bavarians as See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies of Desiderius joined, was, however, soon broken . Charles thereupon repudiated his Lombard wife (Bertha or Desiderata) and married in 771 a princess of the See also:

• ALAMANNI, or ALEMANNI, LUIGI (1495-1556)
• ALAMANNI, or ALLEMANNI

Alamanni named Hildegarde . Carloman died in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 771, and Charles was at once recognized at Corbeny as See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole king of the Franks .

Carloman's widow Gerberga had fled to the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of the Lombard king, who espoused her cause and requested the new pope, See also:

• ADRIAN
• ADRIAN, SAINT

Adrian I., to recognize her two sons as the lawful Frankish See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings . Adrian, between whom and the Lombards other causes of See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel existed, refused to assent to this demand, and when Desiderius invaded the papal territories he appealed to the Frankish king for help . Charles, who was at the moment engaged in his first Saxon campaign, ex-postulated with Desiderius; but when such mild See also:

• MEASURES

measures proved useless he led his forces across the See also:

• ALPS

Alps in 773 . Gerberga and her See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children were delivered up and disappear from See also:

• HISTORY

history; the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• PAVIA (anc. Ticinum, q.v.)

Pavia was undertaken; and at See also:

• EASTER

Easter 774 the king See also:

• LEFT

left the seat of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war and visited See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, where he was received with See also:

• GREAT

great respect . During his stay in the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city Charles renewed the donation which his father Pippin had made to the papacy in 754 or 756 . This transaction has given rise to much discussion as to its See also:

• TRUST

trust-worthiness and the extent of its operation . Our only authority, a passage in the See also:

• LIBER

Liber Pontificalis, describes See also:

• TIRE

tire See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift as including the whole of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and See also:

• CORSICA (Fr. Corse)

Corsica, except the lands See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of the Po, See also:

• CALABRIA

Calabria and the city of See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples . The vast extent of this donation, which, - moreover, included territories not owning Charles's authority, and the fact that the - king did not execute, or apparently See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to execute, its provisions, has caused many scholars to look upon the passage as a See also:

• FORGERY (derived through the French from Latin fabricare, to construct)

forgery; but the better 892 See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion would appear to be that it is genuine, or at least has a genuine basis . Various explanations have been suggested . The See also:

• AREA

area of the See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant may have been enlarged by later interpolations; or it may have dealt with See also:

• PROPERTY

property rather than with See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty, and have only referred to estates claimed by the pope in the territories named; or it is possible that Charles may have actually intended to establish an extensive papal kingdom in Italy, but was released from his promise by Adrian when the pope saw no See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of its fulfilment . Another supposition is that the author of the Liber Pontificalis gives the papal See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation of a grant that had been expressed by Pippin in ambiguous terms; and this view is supported by the history of the subsequent controversy between king and pope . Returning to the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of hostilities, Charles witnessed the See also:

• CAPITULATION (Lat. capitulum, a little head or division; capitulare, to treat upon terms)

capitulation of Pavia in See also:

• JUNE

June 774, and the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of Desiderius, who was sent into a monastery .

He now took the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title " king of the Lombards," to which he added the dignity of "Patrician of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans," which had been granted to his father . Adalgis, the son of Desiderius, who was residing at See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, hoped the emperor See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo IV. would assist him in recovering his father's kingdom; but a See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition formed for this purpose was ineffectual, and a rising led by his ally Rothgaud, duke of See also:

• FRIULI (in the local dialect, Furlanei)

Friuli, was easily crushed by Charles in 776 . In 777 the king was visited at See also:

• PADERBORN (Lat. Paderae Fontes, i.e. the springs of the Pader)

Paderborn by three Saracen chiefs who implored his aid against Abdar-Rahman, the See also:

• CALIPH, CALIF

caliph of See also:

• CORDOVA (Span. C6rdoba)
• CORDOVA (Span. Cordoba; Lat. Corduba)

Cordova, and promised some See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish cities in return for help . Seizing this opportunity to extend his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence Charles marched into See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain in 778 and took Pampeluna, but See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting with some checks decided to return . As the Frankish forces were defiling through the passes of the See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees they were attacked by the Wascones (probably See also:

• BASQUES

Basques), and the See also:

• REAR

rear-guard of the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army was almost annihilated . It was useless to attempt to avenge this disaster, which occurred on the 15th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 778, for the enemy disappeared as quickly as he came; the incident has passed from the domain of history into that of See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend and See also:

• ROMANCE

romance, being associated by tradition with the pass of See also:

• RONCESVALLES (Fr. Roncevaux)

Roncesvalles . Among the slain was one Hruodland, or See also:

• ROLAND
• ROLAND, LEGEND OF

Roland; See also:

• MARGRAVE (Ger. Markgraf)

margrave of the See also:

• BRETON, BRITTON
• BRETON, JULES ADOLPHE

Breton See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march, whose death gave rise to the Chanson de Roland (see ROLAND, LEGEND OF) . Charles now sought to increase his authority in Italy, where Frankish See also:

• COUNTS

counts were set over various districts, and where See also:

• HILDEBRAND, LAY OF (Deis Hildebrandslied)

Hildebrand, duke of See also:

• SPOLETO (anc. Spoletium)

Spoleto, appears to have recognized his overlordship . In 78o he was again in the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula, and at See also:

• MANTUA (Ital. Mantova)

Mantua issued an important See also:

• CAPITULARY (Med. Lat. capitularium)

capitulary which increased the authority of the Lombard bishops., relieved freemen who under stress of See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine had sold themselves into See also:

• SERVITUDE (Lat. servitus, from service, to serve)

servitude, and condemned abuses of the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of vassalage . At the same time See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce was encouraged by the abolition of unauthorized tolls and by an improvement of the coinage; while the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of arms to hostile peoples, and the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian slaves were forbidden . Proceeding to Rome, the king appears to have come to some arrangement with Adrian about the donation of 774 . At Easter 781, Carloman, his second son by Hildegarde, was renamed Pippin and crowned king of Italy by Pope Adrian, and his youngest son See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis was crowned king of Aquitaine; but no mention was made at the time of his eldest son .

Charles, who was doubtless intended to be king of the Franks . In 783 the king, having lost his wife Hildegarde, married Fastrada, the daughter of a Frankish count named Radolf; and in the same See also:

• YEAR

year his See also:

• MOTHER

mother Bertha died . The emperor See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine VI. was at this time exhibiting some See also:

• INTEREST

interest in See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian affairs, and, Adalgis the Lombard was still residing at his court; so Charles sought to avert danger from this See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter by consenting in 781 to a marriage between Constantine and his own daughter Rothrude . In 786 the entreaties of the pope and the hostile attitude of Arichis II., duke of See also:

• BENEVENTO

Benevento, a son-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of Desiderius, called the king again into Italy . Arichis submitted without a struggle, though the basis of Frankish authority in his duchy was far from secure; but in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with . Adalgis he sought aid from Constantinople . His plans were ended by his death in 787, and although the empress See also:

• IRENE

Irene, the real ruler of the eastern See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke off the projected marriage between her son and Rothrude, she appears to have given very little assistance to Adalgis,whose attack on Italy was easily repulsed . During this visit Charles had presented certain towns to Adrian, but an estrangement soon arose between king and pope over the claim of Charles to confirm the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election to the archbishopric of See also:

• RAVENNA
• RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF

Ravenna, and it was accentuated by Adrian's objection to the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment by Charles of Grimoald III. as duke of Benevento, in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to his father Arichis . These journeys and See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns, however, were but interludes in the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and stubborn struggle between Charles and the See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons, which began in 772 and ended in 804 with the See also:

• INCORPORATION (from Lat. incorporare, to form into a body)

incorporation of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony in the Carolingian empire (see SAXONY) . This contest, in which the king himself took a very active See also:

• PART

part, brought the Franks into collision with the Wiltzi, a tribe dwelling See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the See also:

• ELBE (the Albis of the Romans and the Labe of the Czechs)

Elbe, who in 789 was reduced to dependence . A similar sequence of events took place in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . Tassilo III., duke of the Bavarians, who had on several occasions adopted a See also:

• LINE

line of conduct inconsistent with his See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to Charles, was deposed in 788 and his duchy placed under the See also:

• RULE

rule of Gerold, a brother-in-law of Charles, to be governed on the Frankish system (see See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

BAVARIA) .

Having thus taken upon himself the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of Bavaria, Charles See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt himself responsible for protecting its eastern frontier, which had long been menaced by the See also:

• AVARS

Avars, a See also:

• PEOPLE

people inhabiting the region now known as See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary . He accordingly ravaged their See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country in 791 at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of an army containing Saxon, Frisian, Bavarian and Alamannian warriors, which penetrated as far as the Raab; and he spent the following year in Bavaria preparing for a second campaign against them, the conduct of which, however, he was compelled by further trouble in Saxony to entrust to his son king Pippin, and to See also:

• ERIC

Eric, margrave of Friuli . These deputies succeeded in 795 and 796 in taking See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the vast treasures of the Avars, which were distributed by the king with lavish generosity to churches, courtiers and See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends . A See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy against Charles, which his friend and biographer See also:

• EINHARD (c. 770–840)

Einhard alleges was provoked by the cruelties of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen Fastrada, was suppressed without difficulty in 792, and its leader, the king's illegitimate son Pippin, was confined in a monastery till his death in 811 . Fastrada died in August 794, when Charles took for his See also:

• FOURTH

fourth wife anAlamannian lady named Liutgarde . The continuous interest taken by the king in ecclesiastical affairs was shown at the See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod of See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort, over which he presided in 794 . It was on his initiative that this synod condemned the See also:

• HERESY

heresy of See also:

• ADOPTIANISM

adoptianism and the See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of images, which had been restored in 787 by the second See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• NICAEA, COUNCIL OF
• NICAEA, or NICE

Nicaea; and at the same time that council was declared to have been superfluous . This policy caused a further See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach with Pope Adrian; but when Adrian died in December 795, his successor, Leo III., in notifying his See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation to the king, sent him the keys of St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's See also:

• GRAVE

grave and the banner of the city, and asked Charles to send an See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy to receive his See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath of fidelity . There is no doubt that Leo recognized Charles as See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign of Rome . He was the first pope to date his acts according to the years of the Frankish See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy, and a See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

mosaic of the time in the Lateran See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace represents St Peter bestowing the See also:

• BANNERS, FEAST OF (Jap. Nobori-no-Sekku)

banners upon Charles as a token of temporal supremacy, while the coinage issued by the pope bears See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness to the same See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea . Leo soon had occasion to invoke the aid of his See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector . In 799, after he had been attacked and maltreated in the streets of Rome during a procession, he escaped to the king at Paderborn, and Charles sent him back to Italy escorted by some of his most trusted servants .

Taking the same See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey himself shortly afterwards, the king reached Rome in 800 for'the purpose (as he declared) of restoring discipline in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church . His authority was undisputed; and after Leo had cleared himself by an oath of certain charges made against him, Charles restored the pope and banished his leading opponents . The great event of this visit took place on the succeeding See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

Day, when Charles on rising from See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer in St Peter's was crowned by Leo and proclaimed emperor and See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

augustus amid the acclamations of the See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd . This See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act can hardly have been unpremeditated, and some doubt has been cast upon the statement which Einhard attributes to Charles, that he would not have entered the See also:

• BUILDING

building had he known of the intention of Leo . He accepted the dignity at any See also:

• RATE

rate without demur, and there seems little doubt that the question of assuming, or obtaining, this title had previously been discussed . His policy had been steadily leading up to this position, which was rather the See also:

• EMBLEM (Gr. Eµ3Xysa, something put in or inserted, from EµfiiXAew, to throw in)

emblem of the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power he already held than an See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the area of his authority . It is probable therefore that Charles either considered the See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation premature, as he was hoping to obtain the assent of the eastern empire to this step, or that, from fear of evils which he foresaw from the claim of the pope to See also:

• CROWN

crown the emperor, he wished to crown himself . All the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence tends to show that it was the time or manner of the act rather than the act itself which aroused his temporary displeasure . Contemporary accounts See also:

• LAY

lay stress upon the fact that as there was then no emperor, Constantinople being under the rule of Irene, it seemed See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good to Leo and his counsellors and the " See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the Christian people " to choose Charles, already ruler of Rome, to fill the vacant See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office . However doubtful such conjectures concerning his intentions may be, it is certain that immediately after his coronation Charles sought to establish friendly relations with Constantinople, and even suggested a marriage between himself and Irene, as he had again become a widower in 800 . The deposition and death of the empress foiled this See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan; and after a desultory warfare in Italy between the two empires, negotiations were recommenced which in 810 led to an arrangement between Charles and the eastern emperor, Nicephorus I . The death of Nicephorus and the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael I. did not interfere with the relations, and in 812 an See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy from Constantinople arrived at See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle, when Charles was acknowledged as emperor, and in return agreed to cede See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice and See also:

• DALMATIA (Ger. Dalmatien; Ital. Dalmazia; Serbo-Croatian, Dalmacija)

Dalmatia to Michael .

Increasing years and accumulating responsibilities now caused the emperor to alter somewhat his manner of See also:

• LIFE

life . No longer leading his armies in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person he entrusted the direction of campaigns in various parts of his empire to his sons and other lieutenants, and from his favourite See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence at Aix watched their progress with a keen and sustained interest . In 802 he ordered that a new oath of fidelity to him as emperor should be taken by all his subjects over twelve years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . In 804 he was visited by Pope Leo, who returned to Rome laden with gifts . Before his coronation as emperor, Charles had entered into communications with the caliph of See also:

• BAGDAD, or BAGHDAD

Bagdad, See also:

• HARUN

Harun-al-Rashid, probably in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to protect the eastern Christians, and in 801 he had received an embassy and presents from Harun . In the same year the See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem sent him the keys of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• SEPULCHRE, CANONS REGULAR OF THE HOLY
• SEPULCHRE, EASTER
• SEPULCHRE, THE HOLY

Sepulchre; and in 807 Harun not only sent further gifts, but appears to have confirmed the emperor's rights in Jerusalem, which, how-ever, probably amounted to no more than an undefined protector-See also:

• ATE

ate over the Christians in that part of the See also:

• WORLD

world . While thus extending his influence even into See also:

• ASIA

Asia, there was scarcely any part of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe where the power of Charles did not make itself felt . He had not visited Spain since the disaster of Roncesvalles, but he continued to take a lively interest in the affairs of that country . In 798 he had concluded an alliance with See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso II., king of the See also:

• ASTURIAS

Asturias, and a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of campaigns mainly under the leadership of King Louis resulted in the. establishment of the " Spanish march," a See also:

• DISTRICT

district between the Pyrenees and the See also:

• EBRO (anc. Iberus or Hiberus)

Ebro stretching from Pampeluna to See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona, as a See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence against the See also:

• SARACENS

Saracens . In 799 the Balearic Islands had been handed over to Charles, and a long warfare was carried on both by See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea and See also:

• LAND

land between Frank and Saracen until 81o, when peace was made between the emperor and El-Hakem, the emir of Cordova . Italy was equally the scene of continuous fighting . Grimoald of Benevento rebelled against his overlord; the possession of Venice and Dalmatia was disputed by the two empires; and See also:

• ISTRIA (Ger. Istrien)

Istria was brought into subjection .

With See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the emperor had already entered into relations, and at one time a marriage was proposed between his son Charles and a daughter of See also:

• OFFA
• OFFA (d. 796)

Offa, king of the Mercians . See also:

• ENGLISH

English exiles were welcomed at his court; he was mainly instrumental in restoring Eardwulf to the See also:

• THRONE

throne of See also:

• NORTHUMBRIA (regnum Northanhymbrorum)

Northumbria in 8o9; and Einhard includes the Scots within the See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of his influence . In eastern Europe the Avars had owned themselves completely under his power in 805; campaigns against the Czechs in 8o5 and 8o6 had met with some success, and about the same time the land of the See also:

• SORBS

Sorbs was ravaged; while at the western extremity of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent the Breton nobles had done See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage to Charles at See also:

• TOURS

Tours in 800 . Thus the emperor's dominions now stretched from the See also:

• EIDER
• EIDER (Icelandic, idur)

Eider to the Ebro, and from the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic to the Elbe, the See also:

• SAALE

Saale and the Raab, and they also included the greater part of Italy; while even beyond these See also:

• BOUNDS, BEATING THE

bounds he exercised an acknowledged but shadowy authority . In 8o6 Charles arranged a See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of'his territories among his three legitimate sons, but this arrangement came to nothing owing to the death of Pippin in 81o, and of the younger Charles in the following year . Charles then named his remaining son Louis as his successor; and at his father's command Louis took the crown from the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar and placed it upon his own head . This ceremony took place at Aix on the See also:

• FIRTH, CHARLES HARDING (1857– )
• FIRTH, MARK (1819-1880)

firth of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 813 . In 8o8 the Frankish authority over the Obotrites was interfered with by Gudrod (See also:

• GODFREY, SIR EDMUND BERRY (1621-1678)

Godfrey), king of the Danes, who ravaged the Frisian coasts and spoke boastfully of leading his troops to Aix . To See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward off these attacks Charles took a warm interest in the building of a See also:

• FLEET

fleet, which he reviewed in 811; but by this time Gudrod had been killed, and his successor Hemming made peace with the emperor . In 811 Charles made his will, which shows that he contemplated the possibility of See also:

• ABDICATION (Lat. abdicatio, disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one)

abdication . The bulk of his possessions were left to the twenty-one See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan churches of his dominions, and the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder to his children, his servants and the poor . In his last years he passed most of his days at Aix, though he had sufficient See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy to take the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field for a short time during the Danish War .

Early in 814 he was attacked by a See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever which he sought to subdue by See also:

• FASTING (from " fast," derived from old Teutonic fastejan; synonyms being the Gr. vnorebety, late Lat. jejunare)

fasting; but See also:

• PLEURISY, or PLEURITIS (Gr. srXeiipc =ribs)

pleurisy supervened, and after partaking of the communion, he died on the 28th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 814, and on the same day his body was buried in the church of St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary at Aix . In the year r000 his See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb was opened by the emperor See also:

• OTTO

Otto III., but the See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account that Otto found the body upright upon a throne with a See also:

• GOLDEN

golden crown on the head and holding a golden See also:

• SCEPTRE

sceptre in the hands, is generally regarded as legendary . The tomb was again opened by the emperor See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick I. in 1165, when the remains were removed from a See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble See also:

• SARCOPHAGUS (Gr. vapsorg yos, literally " flesh-eating," from vapt, flesh, ¢ayeiv, to eat)

sarcophagus and placed in a wooden See also:

• COFFIN (from Lat. cophinus, Gr. K64wos, a coffer, chest or basket, but never meaning " coffin " in its present sense)

coffin . Fifty years later they were transferred by order of the emperor Frederick II. to a splendid See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine, in which the See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics are still exhibited once in every six years . The sarcophagus in which the body originally lay may still be seen at Aix, and other relics of the great emperor are in the imperial See also:

• TREASURY

treasury at See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna . In 1165 Charles was canonized by the antipope See also:

• PASCHAL (Paschalis)

Paschal III. at the instance of the emperor Frederick I., and Louis XI. of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France gave strict orders that the feast of the See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint should be observed . The See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of Charles is thus described by Einhard:—" Big and robust in See also:

• FRAME

frame, he was tall, but not excessively so, measuring about seven of his own feet in height . His eyes were large and lustrous, his See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose rather long and his countenance See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright and cheerful." He had a commanding presence, a clear but somewhat feeble See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice, and in later life became rather corpulent . His See also:

• HEALTH

health was uniformly good, owing perhaps to his moderation in eating and drinking, and to his love for See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting and See also:

• SWIMMING (from " swim," A.S. swimman, the root being common in Teutonic languages)

swimming . He was an affectionate father, and loved to pass his time in the See also:

• COMPANY

company of his children, to whose See also:

• EDUCATION

education he paid the closest See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention . His sons were trained for war and the See also:

• CHASE
• CHASE, SALMON PORTLAND (1808-1873)
• CHASE, SAMUEL (1741–1811)
• CHASE, WILLIAM MERRITT (1849– )

chase, and his daughters instructed in the See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning of See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool and other feminine arts . His ideas of sexual morality were See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive .

Many concubines are spoken of, he had several illegitimate children, and the morals of his daughters were very loose . He was a See also:

• REGULAR

regular observer of religious See also:

• RITES

rites, took great pains to secure decorum in the services of the church, and was generous in almsgiving both within his empire and without . He reformed the Frankish See also:

• LITURGY (Low Lat. liturgia; Gr. X€Zros, public, and Epyov, work; )Aetrovpy6s, a public servant)

liturgy, and brought singers from Rome to improve the services of the church . He had considerable knowledge of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, took a prominent part in the theological controversies of the time, and was responsible for the addition of the clause filioque to the Nicene Creed . The most attractive feature of his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, however, was his love of learning . In addition to his native See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue he could read Latin and understood See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek, but he was unable to write, and Einhard gives an account of his futile efforts to learn this See also:

• ART

art in later life . He loved the See also:

• READING

reading of histories and See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy, and by questioning travellers gained some knowledge of distant parts of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth . He attended lectures on See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar, and his favourite See also:

• WORK

work was St See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine's De civitate Dei . He caused Frankish sagas to be collected, began a grammar of his native tongue, and spent some of his last See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours in correcting a See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of the See also:

• VULGATE (from Lat. vulgus, the common people)

Vulgate . He delighted in the society of scholars—See also:

• ALCUIN (Marmara)

Alcuin, See also:

• ANGILBERT (d. 814)

Angilbert, See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul the Lombard, Peter of See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa and others, and in this company the trappings of rank were laid aside and the emperor was known simply as See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David . Under his patronage Alcuin organized the school of the palace, where the royal children were taught in the company of others, and founded a school at Tours which became the See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model for many other establishments . Charles was unwearying in his efforts to improve the education of See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy and laity, and in 789 ordered that See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools should be established in every See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese .

The See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere of these schools was strictly ecclesiastical and the questions discussed by the scholars were often puerile, but the greatness of the educational work of Charles will not be doubted when one considers the See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of Frankish society See also:

• HALF

half a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century before . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main work of the Carolingian See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

renaissance was to restore Latin to its position as a See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, and to reintroduce a correct system of spelling and an improved See also:

• HANDWRITING

handwriting . The See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts of the time are accurate and See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic, copies of valuable books were made and by careful See also:

• COLLATION (Lat. collatio, from conferre, to bring together or compare)

collation the texts were purified . Charles was not a great See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior . His victories were won rather by the power of organization, which he possessed in a marked degree, and he was eager to seize ideas and prompt in their See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution . He erected a See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge with wooden piers across the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine at See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz, and began a See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal between the See also:

• ALTMUHL

Altmuhl and the Rednitz to connect the Rhine and the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube, but this work was not finished . He built palaces at Aix (his favourite residence), See also:

• NIJMWEGEN, NIMEGUEN, NYMEGEN

Nijmwegen and See also:

• INGELHEIM (Ober-Ingelheim and Nieder-Ingelheim)

Ingelheim, and erected the church of St Mary at Aix, modelled on that of St Vitalis at Ravenna and adorned with columns and mosaics brought from the same city . He loved the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress and See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners of the Franks, and on two occasions only did he assume the more stately attire of a Roman See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble . The administrative system of Charles in church and See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state was largely personal, and he brought to the work an untiring See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, and a marvellous grasp of detail . He admonished the pope, appointed the bishops, watched over the morals and work of the clergy, and took an active part in the deliberations of church synods; he founded bishoprics and monasteries, was lavish in his gifts to ecclesiastical See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations, and See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose bishops and abbots for administrative work . As the real founder of the ecclesiastical state, he must be held mainly responsible for the evils which resulted from the policy of the church in exalting the ecclesiastical over the See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular authority . In secular affairs Charles abolished the office of duke, placed counts over districts smaller than the former duchies, and supervised their government by means of missi dominici, officials responsible to himself alone .

See also:

• MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

Marches were formed on all the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of the empire, and the exigencies of military service led to the growth of a system of land-See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure which contained the germ of See also:

• FEUDALISM
• FEUDALISM (from Late Lat. feodum or feudum, a fee or fiel; see FEE)

feudalism . The assemblies of the people gradually changed their character under his rule . No longer did the nation come together to See also:

• DIRECT

direct and govern, but the emperor summoned his people to assent to his acts . Taking a lively interest in commerce and See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, Charles issued various regulations for the organization of the one and the improvement of the other . He introduced a new system of weights and measures, which he ordered should be used throughout his kingdom, and took steps to reform the coinage . He was a voluminous lawgiver . Without abolishing the customary law of the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German tribes, which is said to have been committed to See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing by his orders, he added to it by means of capitularies, and thus introducedcertain Christian principles and customs, and some degree of uniformity . The extent and glamour of his empire exercised a potent spell on western Europe . The aim of the greatest of his successors was to restore it to its pristine position and influence, while many of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French rulers made its re-establishment the See also:

• GOAL

goal of their policy . Otto the Great to a considerable extent succeeded; Louis XIV. referred frequently to the empire of See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne; and See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon regarded him as his prototype and predecessor . The empire of Charles, however, was not lasting . In spite of his own wonderful See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius the seeds of weakness were sown in his lifetime .

The church was too powerful, an incipient feudalism was See also:

• PRESENT

present, and there was no real See also:

• BOND
• BOND, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1815-1898)

bond of union between the different races that acknowledged his authority . All the vigilance of the emperor could not restrain the dishonesty and the cupidity of his servants, and no sooner was the strong See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand of their ruler removed than they began to acquire territorial power for themselves . griod appear in the Poetae See also:

• LATINI, BRUNETTO (c. 1210-C. 1294)

Latini aevi Carolini, edited by E. ummler (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1881–1884) . The Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum, tome iv., edited by Ph . Jaffe .(Berlin, 1864-1873), contains some of the emperor's See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence, and See also:

• HINCMAR (c. 805-882)

Hincmar's De ordine palatii, edited by M . Prou (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1884), is also valuable . The best See also:

• MODERN

modern authorities are S . See also:

• ABEL (better ABELL), THOMAS (d. 1540)
• ABEL (Hebrew for breath)
• ABEL, KARL FRIEDRICH (1725-1787)
• ABEL, NIELS HENRIK (1802-1829)
• ABEL, SIR FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, BART

Abel and B . See also:

• SIMSON, MARTIN EDUARD VON (1810-1899)
• SIMSON, ROBERT (1687-1768)

Simson, Jahrbiicher See also:

• DES

des frdnkischen Reiches unter Karl dem Grossen (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1883–1888); G . See also:

• RICHTER, ADRIAN LUDWIG (1803-1884)
• RICHTER, ERNST FRIEDRICH EDUARD (1808–1879)
• RICHTER, EUGEN (1839–1906)
• RICHTER, HANS (1843– )
• RICHTER, JEREMIAS BENJAMIN (1762–1807)
• RICHTER, JOHANN PAUL FRIEDRICH (1763–1825)

Richter and H . See also:

• KOHL

Kohl, Annalen des frdnkischen Reichs See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Zeitalter derKarolinger (See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle, 1885–1887) ; E . Muhlbacher, Deutsche Geschichte unter den Karolingern (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1886) ; H .

Brosien, Karl der See also:

• GROSSE, JULIUS WALDEMAR (1828—1902)

Grosse (Leipzig and See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague, 1885) ; J . I . Mombert, History of Charles the Great (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1888) ; M . Lipp, Das frdnkische Grenzsystem unter Karl dem Grossen (See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau, 1892) ; J. von Dellinger, Das Kaiserthum Karls des Grossen and seiner Nachfolger (See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, 1864) ; F. von Wyss, Karl der Grosse als Gesetzgeber (See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich, 1869); Th . Sickel, Lehre von den Urkunden der ersten Karolinger (Vienna, 1867); E . See also:

• DUMMLER, ERNST LUDWIG (1830-19o2)

Dummler in the Allgemeine deutsche Biographic, See also:

• BAND

Band xv.; Th . Lindner, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Fabel von der Bestattung Karls des Grossen (Aix-la-Chapelle, 1893) ; J . A . Ketterer, Karl der Grosse and die Kirche (Munich and Leipzig, 1898); and J . B . Mullinger, The Schools of Charles the Great and the Restoration of Education in the 9th century (London, 1877) . The work of the See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk of St See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

Gall is found in the Monumenta, Band ii.; an edition of the Historia de vita Caroli Magni et Rolandi, edited by F .

Castets, has been published (Paris, 1880), and an edition of the Kaiserchronik, edited by E . See also:

• SCHRODER
• SCHRODER, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG (1744-1816)
• SCHRODER, SOPHIE (1781-1868)

Schroder (See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover, 1892) . See also P . Clemen, Die Portrdtdarstellung Karls des Grossen (Aix-la-Chapelle, 1896) . (A . W .