See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

CHARLES V  . or IV . (1643-1690), See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine, See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew of Duke See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles IV., was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 3rd of See also:

• APRIL

April 1643, and in 1664 received a colonelcy in the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor's See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . In the same See also:

• YEAR

year he fought with distinction at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of St Gotthard, in which he captured a See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard from the See also:

• TURKS

Turks . He was a See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for the elective See also:

• CROWN

crown of See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland in 1668 . In 167o the emperor made him See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse, and during the following years he was constantly on active service, first against the Turksand subsequently against the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French . At Seneff (1674) he was wounded . In the same year he was again a candidate for the See also:

• POLISH

Polish crown, but was unsuccessful, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Sobieski, who was to be associated with him in his greatest feat of arms, being elected . In 1675, on the See also:

• DEATH

death of Charles IV., he rode with a See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps into the duchy of Lorraine, then occupied by the French, and secured the See also:

• ADHESION (from Lat. adhaerere, to adhere)

adhesion of the Lorraine troops to himself; a little after this he succeeded Mon tecucculi as general of the imperial army on the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, and was made a See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief success of his See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1676 was the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of Philipsburg, after a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and arduous See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege . The See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war continued without decisive result for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, and the See also:

• FATE

fate of the duchy, which was still occupied by the French, was the subject of endless See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy . At the general See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace Charles had to accept the hard conditions imposed by See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV., and he never entered into effective See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of his See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty In 1678 he married the widowed See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen of Poland, Eleonora Maria of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, and for nearly five years they lived quietly at See also:

• INNSBRUCK

Innsbruck . The See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish invasion of 1683, the last See also:

• GREAT

great effort of the Turks to impose their will on See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, called Charles into the field again .

At the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a weak imperial army the duke offered the best resistance he could to the advance of the Turks on See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna . But he had to fall back, contesting every position, and the Turks finally invested Vienna (See also:

• JULY

July 13th, 1683) . At this See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical moment other See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers came to the assistance of Austria, reinforcements poured into Charles's See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp, and John Sobieski, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Poland, brought 27,000 Poles . Sobieski and Charles had now over 8o,000 men, Poles, Austrians and Germans, and on the See also:

• MORNING

morning of the 12th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September they moved forward to the attack . By nightfall the Turks were in See also:

• COMPLETE

complete disorder, Vienna was relieved, and the danger was at an end . Soon the victors took the offensive and reconquered See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary . The Germans and Poles went See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home in the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, but Charles continued his offensive with the imperialists alone . Ofen (Buda) resisted his efforts in 1684, but in the campaign of 1685 Neuhausel was taken by See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm, and in 1686 Charles, now reinforced by See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German auxiliaries, resumed the siege of Ofen . All attempts to. relieve the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place were repulsed, and Ofen was stormed on the and of September . In the following campaign the Austrians won a decisive victory on the famous battle-ground of See also:

• MOHACS

Mohacs (See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 18th, 1687) . In 1689 Charles took the field on the Rhine against the forces of Louis XIV., the enemy of his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house . See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz and See also:

• BONN

Bonn were taken in the first campaign, but Charles in travelling from Vienna to the front died suddenly at Weis on the 18th of April 169o .

His eldest son, See also:

• LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

Leopold See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph (1679-1729), at the peace of See also:

• RYSWICK, TREATY OF

Ryswick in 1697 obtained the duchy, of which his See also:

• FATHER

father had been dispossessed by See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and was the father of See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen, duke of Lorraine, who became the See also:

• HUSBAND

husband of Maria See also:

• THERESA, ST (1515-1582)

Theresa (q.v.), and of Charles (Karl See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander), a distinguished See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• COMMANDER

commander in the See also:

• WARS

wars with See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick the Great . The duchy was ceded by Francis Stephen to See also:

• STANISLAUS

Stanislaus Leczynski, the dethroned king of Poland, in 1736, Francis receiving in-See also:

• STEAD, WILLIAM THOMAS (1849– )

stead the See also:

• GRAND

grand-duchy of See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany .