See also:

• PIERRE

PIERRE See also:

• PIERRE CHARRON (1541-1603)

CHARRON (1541-1603)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French philosopher, See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, was one of the twenty-five See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of a bookseller . After studying See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law he practised at Paris as an See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate, but, having met with no See also:

• GREAT

great success, entered the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, and soon gained the highest popularity as a preacher, rising to the dignity of See also:

• CANON

canon, and being appointed preacher in See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary to See also:

• MARGUERITE

Marguerite, wife of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry IV. of See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre . About 1588, he determined to fulfil a See also:

• VOW (Lat. votum, vow, promise: cf. VOTE)

vow which he had once made to enter a See also:

• CLOISTER (Lat. claustrum; Fr. cloitre; Ital. chiostro; Span. claustro; Ger. Kloster)

cloister; but being rejected by the See also:

• CARTHUSIANS

Carthusians and the See also:

• CELESTINES

Celestines, he held himself absolved, and continued to follow his old profession . He delivered a course of sermons at See also:

• ANGERS

Angers, and in the next See also:

• YEAR

year passed to See also:

• BORDEAUX

Bordeaux, where he formed a famous friendship with See also:

• MONTAIGNE, MICHEL DE (1533-1592)

Montaigne . At the See also:

• DEATH

death of Montaigne, in 1592, See also:

• CHARRON, PIERRE (1541-1603)

Charron was requested in his will to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the Montaigne arms . In 1594 Charron published (at first anonymously, afterwards under the name of " See also:

• BENOIT, PETER LEONARD LEOPOLD (1834—1901)

Benoit Vaillant, Advocate of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Faith," and also, in a594, in his own name) See also:

• LES

Les Trois Verites, in which by methodical and orthodox arguments, he seeks to prove that there is a See also:

• GOD

God and a true See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, that the true religion is the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian, and that the true church is the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic . The last See also:

• BOOK

book (which is three-fourths of the whole See also:

• WORK

work) is chiefly an See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to the famous See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant work entitled Le Traite de l'Eglise by Du Plessis See also:

• MORNAY, PHILIPPE DE (1549-1623)

Mornay; and in the second edition (1595) there is an elaborate reply to an attack made on the third Verite by a Protestant writer . Les Trois Verites ran through several See also:

• EDITIONS

editions, and obtained for its author the favour of the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• CAHORS

Cahors, who appointed him See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• VICAR (Lat. vicarius, substitute)

vicar and theological canon . It also led to his being chosen See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy to the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, of which See also:

• BODY

body he became See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief secretary . It was followed in 160o by Discours chrestiens, a book of sermons, similar in See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone, See also:

• HALF

half of which treat of the See also:

• EUCHARIST (Gr. evXapurria, thanksgiving)

Eucharist . In 16or Charron published at Bordeaux his third and most remarkable work—the famous De la sagesse, a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete popular See also:

• SYSTEM

system of moral See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy . Usually, and so far correctly, it is coupled with the Essays of Montaigne, to which the author is under very extensive obligations .

There is, however, distinct individuality in the book . It is specially interesting from the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when it appeared, and the See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man by whom it was written . Conspicuous as a See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion of orthodoxy against atheists, See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews and Protestants—without resigning this position, and still upholding See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical orthodoxy—Charron suddenly stood forth as the representative of the most complete intellectual See also:

• SCEPTICISM (o-Kesrroµai, I consider, reflect, hesitate, doubt)

scepticism . The De la sagesse, which represented a considerable advance on the standpoint of the Trois Verites, brought upon its author the most violent attacks, the chief being by the Jesuit See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois Garasse (1585-1631), who described him as a "brutal atheist." It received, however, the warm support of Henry IV. and of the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre See also:

• JEANNIN, PIERRE (1540-1622)

Jeannin (1540-1622) . A second edition was soon called for . In 1603, notwithstanding much opposition, it began to appear; but only a few pages had been printed when Charron died suddenly in the See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street of See also:

• APOPLEXY (Gr. arov n i.a, from aroaMvvew, to strike down, to stun)

apoplexy . His death was regarded as a See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment for his impiety . Charron's See also:

• PSYCHOLOGY
• PSYCHOLOGY (>Guxrl, the mind or soul, and X yos, theory)

psychology is sensationalist . With sense all our knowledge commences, and into sense all may be resolved . The soul, located in the ventricles of the See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain, is affected by the temperament of the individual; the dry temperament produces acute intelligence; the moist, memory; the hot, See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination . Dividing the intelligent soul into these three faculties, he shows—after the manner which See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon subsequently adopted—what branches of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science correspond with each . With regard to the nature of the soul he merely quotes opinions .

The belief in its See also:

• IMMORTALITY (Lat. in-, not, mortalis, mortal, from mors, death)

immortality, he says, is the most universal of beliefs, but the most feebly supported by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason . As to man's See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of attaining truth his scepticism is decided; and he plainly declares that none of our faculties enable us to distinguish truth from See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error . In comparing man with the See also:

• LOWER

lower animals, Charron insists that there are no breaks in nature . The latter have reason; See also:

• NAY, or NEY

nay, they have virtue; and, though inferior in some respects, in others they are See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior . The estimate formed of man is not, indeed, flattering . His most essential qualities are vanity, weakness, inconstancy, presumption . Upon this view of human nature and the human See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot Charron founds his moral system . Equally sceptical with Montaigne, and decidedly more cynical, he is distinguished by a deeper and sterner tone . Man comes into the See also:

• WORLD

world to endure; let him endure then, and that in silence . Our compassion should be like that of God, who succours the suffering without sharing in their See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain . Avoid vulgar errors; cherish universal sympathy . Let no See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion or See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment become too powerful for See also:

• RESTRAINT (from " to restrain," Lat. restringere, to hold back, prevent)

restraint .

Follow the customs and See also:

• LAWS

laws which surround you . Morality has no connexion with religion . Reason is the ultimate criterion . See also:

• SPECIAL

Special See also:

• INTEREST

interest attaches to Charron's treatment of religion . He insists on the diversities in religions; he dwells also on what would indicate a See also:

• COMMON

common origin . All grow from small beginnings and increase by a sort of popular contagion; all See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach that God is to be appeased by prayers, presents, vows, but especially, and most irrationally, by human suffering . Each is said by its devotees to have been given by See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration . In fact, however, a man is a Christian, See also:

• JEW, THE WANDERING

Jew, or See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan, before he knows he is a man . One religion is built upon another . But while he openly declares religion to be " See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange to common sense," the practical result at which Charron arrives is that one is notto sit in judgment on his faith, but to be " See also:

• SIMPLE

simple and obedient," and to allow himself to be led by public authority . This is one See also:

• RULE

rule of See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom with regard to religion; and another equally important is to avoid superstition, which he boldly defines as the belief that God is like a hard See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge who, eager to find See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault, narrowly examines our slightest See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act, that He is revengeful and hard to appease, and that therefore He must be flattered and importuned, and won over by pain and See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice . True piety, which is the first of duties, is, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the knowledge of God and of one's self, the latter knowledge being necessary to the former .

It is the abasing of man, the exalting of God,—the belief that what He sends is all See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good, and that all the See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad is from ourselves . It leads to spiritual See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship; for See also:

• EXTERNAL

external ceremony is merely for our See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage, not for His See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory . Charron is thus the founder of See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• SECULARISM

secularism . His See also:

• POLITICAL

political views are neither See also:

• ORIGINAL

original nor See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent . He pours much hackneyed scorn on the common See also:

• HERD (a word common to Teutonic languages; the O. Eng. form was heord; cf. Ger. Herde, Swed. and Dan. hjord; the Sans. ca'rdhas, which shows the pre-Teutonic form, means a troop)

herd, declares the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign to be the source of law, and asserts that popular freedom is dangerous . A See also:

• SUMMARY

summary and See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the Sagesse, written shortly before his death, appeared in 1606 . In 1604 his friend See also:

• MICHEL
• MICHEL, CLAUDE
• MICHEL, FRANCISQUE XAVIER (1809-1887)

Michel de la Rochemaillet prefixed to an edition of the Sagesse a See also:

• LIFE

Life, which depicts Charron as a most amiable man of purest See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . His complete See also:

• WORKS

works, with this Life, were published in 1635 . An excellent abridgment of the Sagesse is given in Tennemann's Philosophic, vol. ix.; an edition with notes by A . See also:

• DUVAL, ALEXANDRE VINCENT
• DUVAL, CLAUDE (1643–1670)

Duval appeared in 1820 . See Liebscher, Charron u. sein Werk, De la sagesse (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1890) ; H . T .

See also:

• BUCKLE, HENRY THOMAS (1821–1862)

Buckle, Introd. to See also:

• HISTORY

History of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

Civilization in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, vol. ii . 19; See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

Abbe Lezat, De la See also:

• PREDICATION (from Lat. praedicare, to state, assert)

predication sous See also:

• HENRI

Henri IV. c. vi . ; J . M . See also:

• ROBERTSON, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816-1853)
• ROBERTSON, GEORGE CROOM (1842-1892)
• ROBERTSON, JOSEPH (1810-1866)
• ROBERTSON, THOMAS WILLIAM (1829-1871)
• ROBERTSON, WILLIAM BRUCE (182o-1886)

Robertson, See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

Short History of See also:

• FREE

Free Thought (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1906), vol. ii. p . 19; J . See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
• OWEN, JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] (c. 1560-1622)
• OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858)
• OWEN, SIR HUGH (1804-1881)
• OWEN, SIR RICHARD (1804–1892)

Owen, Skeptics of the French See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance (1893); See also:

• LECKY, WILLIAM EDWARD HARTPOLE (1838–1903)

Lecky, See also:

• RATIONALISM (from Lat. rationalis, pertaining to reason, ratio)

Rationalism in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe (1865) .