CHARTISM  , the name given to a See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement for See also:

• POLITICAL

political reform in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, from the so-called " See also:

• PEOPLE

People's See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

Charter " or " See also:

• NATIONAL

National Charter," the document in which in 1838 the See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of reforms was embodied . The movement itself may be traced to the latter years of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Checked for a while by the reaction due to the excesses of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Revolution, it received a fresh impetus from the awful misery that followed the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic See also:

• WARS

wars and the economic changes due to the introduction of machinery . The Six Acts of 1819 were directed, not only against agrarian and See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial rioting, but against the political movement of which See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• BURDETT, SIR FRANCIS (1770-1844)

Burdett was the spokesman in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons, which demanded See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man-See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood See also:

• SUFFRAGE (Lat. suffragium)

suffrage, the See also:

• BALLOT (from Ital. ballotta, dim. of balla, a ball)

ballot, See also:

• ANNUAL

annual parliaments, the abolition of the See also:

• PROPERTY

property qualification for members of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament and their See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment . The movement was checked for a while by the Reform See also:

• BILL

Bill of 1832; but it was soon discovered that, though the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle classes had been enfranchised, the economic and political grievances of the labouring See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population remained unredressed . Two See also:

• SEPARATE

separate movements now See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed: one socialistic, associated with the name of See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
• OWEN, JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] (c. 1560-1622)
• OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858)
• OWEN, SIR HUGH (1804-1881)
• OWEN, SIR RICHARD (1804–1892)

Owen; the other See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical, aiming at the enfranchisement of the'" masses " as the first step to the amelioration of their See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition . The latter was represented in the Working Men's Association, by which in 1838 the " People's Charter " was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up . It embodied exactly the same See also:

• PROGRAMME, or PROGRAM

programme as that of the radical reformers mentioned above, with the addition of a demand for equal electoral districts . In support of this programme a vigorous agitation began, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of which was Feargus O'See also:

• CONNOR (or O'CONNOR), BERNARD (1666-1698)

Connor, whose irresponsible and erratic See also:

• ORATORY (Lat. oratorio, sc. ors; from orare, to speak or pray)

oratory produced a vast effect . See also:

• MONSTER (Lat. monstrum, from root of monere, to warn; i.e. something terrible or portentous)
• MONSTER, GEORG, COUNT ZU (1776-1844)

Monster meetings were held, at which seditious See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language was occasionally used, and slight collisions with the military took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . Petitions of enormous See also:

• SIZE

size, signed in See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PART

part with fictitious names, were presented to parliament; and a great many See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers were started, of which the See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern See also:

• STAR

Star, conducted by Feargus O'Connor, had a circulation of 50,000 . In See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1839 a Chartist See also:

• MOB

mob consisting of miners and others made an attack on See also:

• NEWPORT

Newport, Mon .

The rising was a See also:

• TOTAL

total failure; the leaders, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• FROST (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch, vorst, Ger. Frost, from the common Teutonic verb meaning " to freeze," Dutch, vriezcn, Ger. frieren; the Indo-European root is seen in Lat. pruina, hoar-frost, cf. prurire, to itch, burn, pruna, burning coal, Sans
• FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD (1810–1877)

Frost and two others, were seized, were found guilty of high See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason, and were condemned to See also:

• DEATH

death . The See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence, however, was changed to one of transportation, and Frost spent over fourteen years in See also:

• VAN

Van See also:

• DIEMEN, ANTHONY VAN (1593–1645)

Diemen's See also:

• LAND

Land . In 1854 he was pardoned, and from 1856 until his death on the 29th of See also:

• JULY

July 1877 he lived in England . In 1840 the Chartist movement was still further organized by the inauguration at See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester of the National translated into See also:

• ENGLISH

English (Here foloweth the copy of a lettre whyche See also:

• MAISTRE, JOSEPH DE (1754-1821)
• MAISTRE, XAVIER DE (1763-1852)

maistre A . Charetier wrote to his See also:

• BROTHER

brother) See also:

• LAY

lay See also:

• CAXTON, WILLIAM (c. 1422-1491)

Caxton about 1484 . The date of his death is to be placed about 1430 . A Latin See also:

• EPITAPH (Gr. it oa¢cos, sc. X/yos, from bri, upon, and ra¢os, a tomb)

epitaph, discovered in the 18th century, says, however, that he was See also:

• ARCHDEACON (Lat. archidiaconus, Gr. &oxt3tauovor)

archdeacon of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and declares that he died in the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• AVIGNON

Avignon in 1449 . This is obviously not See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic, for Alain described himself as a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple derc and certainly died lohg before 1449 . The See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of the famous See also:

• KISS

kiss bestowed by See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland on la precieuse bouche de laquelle sont issus et 'sortis tant de bons mots et vertueuses paroles is mythical, for Margaret did not come to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France till 1436, after the poet's death; but the story, first told by See also:

• GUILLAUME
• GUILLAUME, JEAN BAPTISTE CLAUDE EUGENE (1822-1905)

Guillaume Bouchet in his Annales d' See also:

• AQUITAINE

Aquitaine (1524), is interesting, if only as a See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of the high degree of estimation in which the ugliest man of his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day was held . See also:

• JEAN

Jean de Masses, who annotated a portion of his See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse, has recorded how the pages and See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young gentlemen of that See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch were required daily to learn by See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart passages of his Breviaire See also:

• DES

des nobles . John See also:

• LYDGATE, JOHN (c. 1370–c. 1451)

Lydgate studied him affectionately . His Belle See also:

• DAME
• DAME (through the Fr. from Lat. domina, mistress, lady, the feminine of dominus, master, lord)

Dame sans merci was translated into English by Sir See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• ROS, or DE
• ROS, SIR RICHARD (b. 1429)

Ros about 164o, with an introduction of his own; and See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement See also:

• MAROT
• MAROT, DANIEL (seventeenth century)

Marot and Octavien de See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint-Gelais, See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing fifty years after his death, find many See also:

• FAIR

fair words for the old poet, their See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master and pre- Charter Association, which rapidly became powerful, being the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of about 400 See also:

• SISTER

sister See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies, which are said to have numbered 40,000 members .

Some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time after, efforts were made towards a See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition with the more moderate radicals, but these failed; and a land scheme was started by O'Connor, which prospered for a few years . In 1844 the uncompromising spirit of some of the leaders was well illustrated by their hostile attitude towards the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

Anti - See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

Corn - See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

Law See also:

• LEAGUE

League . O'Connor, especially, entered into a public controversy with See also:

• COBDEN, RICHARD (1804-1865)

Cobden and See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

Bright, in which he was worsted . But it was not till 1848, during a See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season of great suffering among the, working classes, and under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the revolution at Paris, that the real strength of the Chartist movement was discovered and the prevalent discontent became known . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March disturbances occurred in See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow which required the intervention of the military, while in the manufacturing districts all over the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of Scotland the operatives were ready to rise in the event of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main movement succeeding . Some agitation, too, took place in See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh and in Manchester, but of a milder nature; in fact, while there was a real and widespread discontent, men were indisposed to resort to decided See also:

• MEASURES

measures . The principal See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of intended Chartist demonstration was See also:

• LONDON

London . An enormous gathering of See also:

• HALF

half a million was announced for the loth of See also:

• APRIL

April on See also:

• KENNINGTON

Kennington See also:

• COMMON

Common, from which they were to march to the Houses of Parliament to See also:

• PRESENT

present a See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition signed by nearly six million names, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order by this imposing display of See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers to secure the enactment of the six points . Probably some of the more violent members of the party thought to imitate the Parisian mob by taking See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power entirelyinto their own See also:

• HAM

ham-1s . The announcement of the procession excited great alarm, and the most decided measures were taken by the authorities to prevent a rising . The procession was forbidden . The military were called out under the command of the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• WELLINGTON
• WELLINGTON, ARTHUR WELLESLEY, 1ST DUKE OF (1769-1852)

Wellington, and by him concealed near the See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges and other points where the procession might See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to force its way .

Even the See also:

• BANK

Bank of England and other public buildings were put in a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence, and See also:

• SPECIAL

special constables, to the number, it is said, of 170,000, were enrolled, one of whom was destined shortly after to be the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor of the French . After all these gigantic preparations on both sides the Chartist demonstration proved to be a very insignificant affair . Instead of half a million, only about 5o,000 assembled on Kennington Common, and their leaders, Feargus O'Connor and Ernest See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• JONES
• JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
• JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
• JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
• JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
• JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
• JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
• JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
• JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
• JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
• JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
• JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
• JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
• JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
• JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
• JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)

Jones, shrank from the responsibility of braving the authorities by conducting the procession to the Houses of Parliament . The monster petition was duly presented, and scrutinized, with the result that the number of signatures was found to have been grossly exaggerated, and that the most unheard-of falsification of names had been resorted to . There-after the movement specially called Chartism soon died out . It became merged, so far as its political programme is concerned, with the advancing radicalism of the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general democratic movement .