See also:

• CHART (from Lat. carta, charta, a map)

CHART (from See also:

• LAT

Lat. carta, charta, a See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map)  . A See also:

• CHART (from Lat. carta, charta, a map)

chart is a marine See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map intended specially for the use of See also:

• SEAMEN, LAWS RELATING TO

seamen (for See also:

• HISTORY

history, see MAP), though the word is also used loosely for other varieties of graphical See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation . The marine or nautical chart is constructed for the purpose of ascertaining the position of a See also:

• SHIP

ship with reference to the See also:

• LAND

land, of finding the direction in which she has to See also:

• STEER, PAUL WILSON (186o– )

steer, the distance to See also:

• SAIL

sail or See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam, and the hidden dangers to avoid . The See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea on charts is studded with numerous small figures . These are known as the soundings, indicating in fathoms or in feet (as shown upon the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of the chart), at See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• WATER

water of See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring tides, the least See also:

• DEPTH

depth of water through which the ship may be sailing . Charts show the nature of the unseen bottom of the sea—with the irregularities in its See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character in the shape of hidden rocks or See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand-See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks, and give See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information of the greatest importance to the mariner . No See also:

• MATTER

matter how well the land maybe surveyed or finely delineated, unless the soundings are shown a chart is of little use . The See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• ADMIRALTY, HIGH COURT OF

admiralty charts are compiled, See also:

• DRAWN

drawn and issued by the hydrographic See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office . This See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the admiralty was established under See also:

• EARL

Earl See also:

• SPENCER
• SPENCER, HERBERT (1820-1903)
• SPENCER, JOHN CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD EARL (1782-1845)
• SPENCER, JOHNPOYNTZ SPENCER
• SPENCER, WILLIAM ROBERT (1769-1834)

Spencer by an See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order in See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council in 1795, consisting of the hydrographer, one assistant and a draughtsman . The first hydrographer was See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander Dalrymple, a See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India See also:

• COMPANY

Company's See also:

• CIVIL

civil service . From this small beginning arose the important department which is now the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main source of the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of hydrographical information to the whole of the maritime See also:

• WORLD

world . The charts prepared by the See also:

• OFFICERS

officers and draughtsmen of the hydrographic office, and published by order of the lords commissioners of the admiralty, are compiled chiefly from the labours of British See also:

• NAVAL

naval officers employed in the See also:

• SURVEYING

surveying service; and also from valuable contributions received from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to time from officers of the royal See also:

• NAVY

navy and See also:

• MERCANTILE (or COMMERCIAL) AGENCIES

mercantile marine .

In addition to the See also:

• WORK

work of British sailors, the labours of other nations have been collected and utilized . Charts of the coasts of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe have naturally been taken from the surveys made by the various nations, and in charts of other quarters of the world considerable assistance has been received from the labours of See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish, Dutch and See also:

• AMERICAN

American surveyors . Important work is done by the Hydro-graphic Office of the American navy, and the U.S . See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

Coast and See also:

• GEODETIC

Geodetic Survey . The admiralty charts are published with the view of See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting the wants of the sailor in all parts of the world . They may be classed under five heads, viz. ocean, See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, and coast charts, See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour plans and See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical charts; for instance, the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean, approaches to See also:

• PLYMOUTH
• PLYMOUTH, EARLS OF

Plymouth, Plymouth See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

Sound and See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind and current charts . The harbour plans and coast sheets are constructed on the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple principles of See also:

• PLANE

plane See also:

• TRIGONOMETRY (from Gr. rpiywvov, a triangle, /ATpov, measure)

trigonometry. by the surveying officers . (See SURVEYING: Nautical.) That important feature, the depth of the sea, is obtained by the ordinary See also:

• SOUNDING (for derivation see SOUND above)

sounding See also:

• LINE

line or See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire; all soundings are reduced to low water of ordinary spring tides . The times and heights of the tides, with the direction and velocity of the tidal streams, are also ascertained . These MS. charts are forwarded to the admiralty, and See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the See also:

• HYDROGRAPHY (.Gr. 6&,p, water, and cypfidiecv, to write)

hydrography of the world . The ocean and general charts are compiled and drawn at the hydrographic office, and as originals, existing charts, latest surveys and maps, have to be consulted, their compilation requires considerable experience and is a pains-taking work, for the compiler has to decide what to omit, what to insert, and to arrange the necessary names in such a manner that while full information is given, the features of the coast are not interfered with . As a very slight See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error in the position of a See also:

• LIGHT

light or See also:

• BUOY

buoy, dot, See also:

• CROSS

cross or figure, might See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to See also:

• GRAVE

grave disaster, every See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol on the admiralty chart has been delineated with See also:

• GREAT

great care and See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration, and no pains are spared in the effort to See also:

• LAY

lay before the public the labours of the nautical surveyors and explorers not only of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, but of the maritime world; reducing their vario'is styles into a comprehensive See also:

• SYSTEM

system furnishing the intelligent See also:

• SEAMAN, OWEN (1861– )

seaman with an intelligible See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide, which See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry will soon enable him to appreciate and take full See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of .

As certain abbreviations are used in the charts, See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention is called to the " signs and abbreviations adopted in the charts published by the admiralty." Certain parts of the world are still unsurveyed, or not surveyed in sufficient detail for the requirements that steamships now demand . Charts of these localities are therefore drawn in a light See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair-line and unfinished manner, so that the experienced seaman See also:

• SEES

sees at a glance that less See also:

• TRUST

trust is to be reposed upon charts drawn in this manner . The charts given to the public are only correct up to the time of their actual publication . They have to be kept up to date . See also:

• RECENT

Recent publications by See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign governments, newly reported dangers, changes in character or position of See also:

• LIGHTS, CEREMONIAL USE OF

lights and buoys, are as soon as practicable inserted on the charts and due See also:

• NOTICE

notice given of such insertions in the admiralty " Notices to Mariners." The charts are supplemented by the Admiralty Pilots, or books of sailing directions, with See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide tables, and lists of lighthouses, light vessels, &c., for the coasts to which a ship may be See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound . The physical charts are the continuation of the work so ably begun by See also:

• MAURY, LOUIS FERDINAND ALFRED (1817–1892)
• MAURY, MATTHEW FONTAINE (1806-1873)

Maury of the See also:

• UNITED

United States and See also:

• FITZROY
• FITZROY, ROBERT (1805-1865)

FitzRoy of the British navy, and give the sailor a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good general See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the world's ocean winds and currents at the different periods of the See also:

• YEAR

year; the probable tracks and seasons of the tropical revolving or cyclonic storms; the coastal winds; the extent or months of the See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy seasons; localities and times where See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice may be fallen in with; and, lastly, the direction and force of the stream and See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift currents of the oceans . (T . A .