CHESHIRE  , a See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-western See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, bounded N. by See also:

• LANCASHIRE

Lancashire, N.E. by See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire and See also:

• DERBYSHIRE

Derbyshire, S.E. by See also:

• STAFFORDSHIRE

Staffordshire, S. by See also:

• SHROPSHIRE (SALOP)

Shropshire, W. by Denbighshire and See also:

• FLINT
• FLINT, AUSTIN (1812-1886)
• FLINT, or FLTNTSHTRE (sir Gallestr)
• FLINT, ROBERT (1838- )
• FLINT, TIMOTHY (1780-1840)

Flint, and N.W. by the Irish See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea . Its See also:

• AREA

area is 1027.8 sq. m . The See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast-See also:

• LINE

line is formed by the estuaries of the See also:

• DEE
• DEE (Welsh, Dyfrdwy;, Lat.., and in Milton, Deva)

Dee and the See also:

• MERSEY

Mersey, which are separated by the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low rectangular See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula of Wirral . The See also:

• ESTUARY (from the Lat. aestuarium, a place reached by aestus, the tide)

estuary of the Dee is dry at low See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide on the Cheshire See also:

• SHORE

shore, but that of the Mersey bears upon its See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks the ports of See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool (in Lancashire) and See also:

• BIRKENHEAD

Birkenhead (on the Wirral shore) . The Dee forms a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PART

part of the county boundary with See also:

• DENBIGH (Dinbych)
• DENBIGH, WILLIAM FEILDING, 1ST EARL

Denbigh-See also:

• SHIRE

shire and Flint, and the Mersey the boundary along the whole of the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• RIVER

river within the county is the See also:

• WEAVER, JAMES BAIRD (1833- )

Weaver, which crosses it with a north-See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly course, and, being joined by the Dane at See also:

• NORTHWICH

Northwich, discharges into the estuary of the Mersey See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• RUNCORN

Runcorn . The See also:

• SURFACE

surface of Cheshire is mostly low and gently undulating or See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat; but the broken line of the Peckforton hills, seldom exceeding 600 ft. in height, runs north and south flanking the valley of the Weaver on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west . A low narrow See also:

• GAP

gap in these hills is traversed by the small river Gowy, which rises to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east but has the greater part of its course to the west of them . Commanding this gap on the west, the See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Beeston stands on an isolated See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence . The northern part of the hills coincides approximately with.the See also:

• DISTRICT

district still called See also:

• DELAMERE (or DE LA MER), GEORGE BOOTH

Delamere See also:

• FOREST

Forest, formerly a See also:

• CHASE
• CHASE, SALMON PORTLAND (1808-1873)
• CHASE, SAMUEL (1741–1811)
• CHASE, WILLIAM MERRITT (1849– )

chase of the earls of See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester, and finally disforested in 1812 . In certain sequestered parts the forest has not wholly lost its See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . On the east Cheshire includes the western See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of the broad See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of high See also:

• LAND

land which- embraces the See also:

• PEAK, THE

Peak district of Derbyshire; these hills rise sharply to the east of See also:

• CONGLETON
• CONGLETON, HENRY BROOKE PARNELL, 1ST BARON (1776-1842)

Congleton, See also:

• MACCLESFIELD
• MACCLESFIELD, CHARLES GERARD, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1618-1694)

Macclesfield and See also:

• HYDE
• HYDE, THOMAS (1636-1703)

Hyde, reaching a height of about 'Soo ft. within Cheshire .

Distributed over the county, but principally in the eastern See also:

• HALF

half, are many small lakes or See also:

• MERES, FRANCIS (1565-1647)

meres, such as See also:

• COMBERMERE, STAPLETON COTTON

Combermere, Tatton, Rostherne, Tabley, Doddington, Marbury and See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

Mere, and it was a See also:

• COMMON

common practice among the gentry of the county to build their mansions on the banks of these See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters . The meres See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form one of the most picturesque features of the county . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—With the exception of a small area of Carboniferous rocks on the eastern border, and a small patch of See also:

• LOWER

Lower See also:

• LIAS

Lias near Audlem, the whole See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country is occupied by Triassic strata . The great central See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain is covered by red and mottled See also:

• KEUPER

Keuper Marls . From these marls See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt is obtained; there are many beds of See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock-salt, mostly thin; two are much thicker than the others, being from 75 ft. to over See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo ft. thick . Thin beds and See also:

• VEINS

veins of See also:

• GYPSUM

gypsum are common in the marls . The striking features of the Peckforton Hills are due to the repeated faulting of the Lower Keuper See also:

• SANDSTONE

Sandstone, which lies upon beds of See also:

• BUNTER

Bunter Sandstone . Besides forming this well-marked See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge, the Lower Keuper Sandstones or " Waterstones " form several ridges north-west of Macclesfield and appear along most of the northern See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of the county and in the neighbourhood of New See also:

• BRIGHTON

Brighton and Birkenhead . The Lower Keuper Sandstone is quarried near the last-named See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, also at Storeton, Delamere and See also:

• MANLEY, MARY DE LA RIVIERE (c. 1663-1724)

Manley . This is .a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• BUILDING

building See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone and an important See also:

• WATER

water-bearing stratum; it is often ripple-marked, and bears the footprints of the Cheirotherium . At Alderley Edge ores of See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper, See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead and See also:

• COBALT (symbol Co, atomic weight 59)

cobalt are found .. West of the Peckforton ridge, Bunter Sandstones and pebble beds extend to the border .

They also form low foothills between See also:

• CHEADLE

Cheadle and Macclesfield . They fringe the northern boundary and appear on the south-eastern boundary as a narrow See also:

• STRIP

strip of hilly ground near Woore . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest rock exposed in the county is the small faulted anticline of Carboniferous See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone at Astbury, followed in See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession eastward by the shale, and thin limestones and sandstones of the Pendleside See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series . These rocks extend from Congleton Edge to near Macclesfield, where the outcrop bends sharply eastward and runs up the Goyt valley . Some hard quartzites in the Pendleside series, known locally as ` Crowstones," have contributed to the formation of the high Bosley See also:

• MIN

Min and neighbouring hills . East of Bosley Min, on either side of the Goyt valley, are the Millstone Grits and Shales, forming the elevated moorland tracts . See also:

• CLOUD (from the same root, if not the same word, as " clod," a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages for a mass or lump; it is first applied in the usual sense in the late 13th century; the Anglo-Saxon chid is only used in the sense of " a ma

Cloud See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill, a striking feature near Congleton, is capped by the " Third Grit," one of the Millstone Grit series . From Macclesfield northward through See also:

• STOCKPORT

Stockport is a narrow See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue of Lower and See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle See also:

• COAL

Coal-See also:

• MEASURES

Measures—an See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the Lancashire coalfield . Coal is See also:

• MINED

mined at Neston in the Wirral peninsula from beneath the Trias; it is a connecting See also:

• LINK

link between the Lancashire and Flintshire coalfields . Glacial See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift is thickly spread over all the lower ground.; laminated red See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays, stiff See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay with northern erratics and lenticular See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand masses with occasional gravels, are the common types . At See also:

• CREWE
• CREWE, ROBERT OFFLEY ASHBURTON

Crewe the drift is over 400 ft. thick . Patches of Drift sand, with marine shells, occur on the high ground east of Macclesfield at an See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of 1250 ft .

See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture and See also:

• INDUSTRIES

Industries.—The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is temperate and rather See also:

• DAMP

damp; the See also:

• SOIL

soil is varied and irregular, but a large See also:

• PRO

pro-portion is a thin-skinned clay . More than four-fifths of the See also:

• TOTAL

total area is under cultivation . The See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop of See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat is comparatively insignificant; but a large quantity of oats is grown, and a great proportion of the cultivated land is in permanent pasture . The vicinity of such populous centres as Liverpool and See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester, as well as the several large towns within the county, makes See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and See also:

• DAIRY

dairy-farming profitable . See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

Cheese of excellent quality is produced, the name of the county being given to a particular See also:

• BRAND, JOHN (1744-1806)
• BRAND, SIR JOHN HENRY (1823-1888)

brand (see DAIRY) . Potatoes are by far the most important See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green crop . See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

Fruit-growing is carried on in some parts, especially the cultivation of stone fruit and, among these, damsons; while the See also:

• STRAWBERRY (Fragaria)

strawberry beds near Farndon and See also:

• HOLT, SIR JOHN (1642–1710)

Holt arc celebrated . In the first half of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of agriculture in Cheshire was notoriously backward; and in 1865–1866 the county suffered with especial severity from a visitation of cattle See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague . The total loss of stock amounted to more than 66,000 See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, and it was necessary to obtain from the See also:

• TREASURY

Treasury a See also:

• LOAN (adapted from the Scandinavian form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Swed. Mn, Icel. lan, Dut. leen; the O.E. laen appears in " lend," the ultimate source is seen in the root of Gr. Xeiaecv and Lat. linquere, to leave)

loan of f270,o00 on the See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security of the county See also:

• RATE

rate, for purposes of See also:

• RELIEF

relief and See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation . The cheese-making See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry naturally received a severe See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow, yet to agriculture at large an ultimate good resulted as the possibility and even the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of new methods were See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne in upon the farmers . The industries of the county are varlous and important . The manufacture of See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton goods extends from its seat in Lancashire into Cheshire, at the See also:

• TOWN

town of Stockport and elsewhere in the north-east .

Macclesfield and Congleton are centres of See also:

• SILK

silk manufacture . At Crewe are situated the great workshops of the See also:

• LONDON

London & North-Western railway See also:

• COMPANY

company, the institution of which actually brought the town into being . Another instance of the See also:

• MODERN

modern creation of a town by an individual See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation is seen in See also:

• PORT

Port Sunlight on the Mersey, where the See also:

• SOAP

soap-See also:

• WORKS

works of Messrs See also:

• LEVER (through O. Fr. leveour, levere, mod. levier, from Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVER, CHARLES JAMES (1806-1872)

Lever are situated . On the Mersey there are See also:

• SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding yards, and machinery and See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron works . Other important manufactures are those of tools, chemicals, clothing and hats, and there are See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing, See also:

• BLEACHING

bleaching and dye works, and See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal foundries . Much sandstone is quarried, but the See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of the county lies in coal and salt . The second is a specially important product . Some rock-salt is obtained at Northwich and See also:

• WINSFORD

Winsford, but most of the salt is extracted frofn brine both here and at Lawton, Wheelock and See also:

• MIDDLEWICH

Middlewich . At Northwich and other places in the locality curious accidents frequently occur owing to the sinking of the soil after the brine is pumped out; walls crack and collapse, and houses are seen leaning far out of the perpendicular . A little copper and lead are found . Communications.--The county is well served with See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main line of the London & North-Western railway, passing north from Crewe to See also:

• WARRINGTON

Warrington in Lancashire, serves no large town, but from Crewe branches diverge fanwise to Manchester, Chester, North See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales and See also:

• SHREWSBURY
• SHREWSBURY, CHARLES TALBOT, DUKE OF (166o-1718)
• SHREWSBURY, DUKE
• SHREWSBURY, EARLS OF
• SHREWSBURY, ELIZABETH TALBOT, COUNTESS OF (1518–16o8)
• SHREWSBURY, JOHN TALBOT, 1ST EARL OF (d. 1453)

Shrewsbury .

The Great Western railway, with a line coming northward from See also:

• WREXHAM (Welsh•Gwrecsam, in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Wrighlesham)

Wrexham, obtains See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access through Cheshire to Liverpool and Manchester . These two companies jointly See also:

• WORK

work the Birkenhead railway from Chester to Birkenhead . The See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of the county is traversed by the Cheshire Lines, serving the salt district, and reaching Chester from Manchester by way of Delamere Forest . In the east the Midland and Great Central systems enter the county, and the North Staffordshire line serves Macclesfield . The Manchester, South Junction & See also:

• ALTRINCHAM, or ALTRINGIIAM (and so pronounced)

Altrincham and the Wirral railways are small systems serving the localities indicated by their names . The river Weaver is locked as far up as Winsford, and the transport of salt is thus expedited . The profits of the See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation, which was originally undertaken in 1720 by a few Cheshire squires, belong to the county, and are paid annually to the relief of the county rates . In the salt district through which the Weaver passes subsidence of the land has resulted in the formation of lakes of considerable extent, which See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as reservoirs to See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply the navigation . There are further means of inland navigation by the See also:

• GRAND

Grand See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

Trunk, Shropshire See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union and other canals, and many small steamers are in use . The Manchester See also:

• SHIP

Ship See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

Canal passes through a See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of north Cheshire, being entered from the estuary of the Mersey by locks near Eastham, and following its See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern shore up to Runcorn, after which it takes a more See also:

• DIRECT

direct course than the river . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population and See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration.—The ancient county, which is a county See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

palatine, has an area of 657,783 acres, with a population in 1891 of 730,058 and in 1901 of 815,099 . Cheshire has been described as a suburb of Liverpool, Manchester and the See also:

• POTTERIES, THE

Potteries of Staffordshire, and many of those whose business lies in these centres have colonized such districts as Bowdon, Alderley, See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

Sale and See also:

• MARPLE

Marple near Manchester, the Wirral, and Alsager on the Staffordshire border, until these localities have come to resemble the richer suburban districts of London .

On the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short seacoast of the Wirral are found the popular resorts of New Brighton and See also:

• HOYLAKE

Hoylake . This See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement and importance of its industries have given the county a vast increase of population in modern times . In 1871 the population was 561,201; from 18o1 until that See also:

• YEAR

year it had increased 191 % . The area of the administrative county is 654,825 acres . The county contains 7 hundreds . The municipal boroughs are Birkenhead (pop . 110,915), Chester (38,309), Congleton (10,707), Crewe (42,074), See also:

• DUKINFIELD

Dukinfield (18,929), Hyde (32,766), Macclesfield (34,624), See also:

• STALYBRIDGE

Stalybridge (27,673), Stockport (92,832) . Chester, the county town, is a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, county of a city, and county See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough, and Birkenhead and Stockport are county boroughs . The other See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban districts with their populations are as follows:- Of the townships in this table, those marked (a) are within a See also:

• RADIUS

radius of about 15 m. from Manchester (See also:

• KNUTSFORD

Knutsford being taken as the limit), while those marked (b) are in the Wirral . The localities of densest population are thus clearly illustrated . The county is in the North Wales and Chester See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit, and assizes are held at Chester . It has one See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter sessions, and is divided into fourteen See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty sessional divisions .

The boroughs already named, excepting Dukinfield, have See also:

• SEPARATE

separate commissions of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, and Birkenhead and Chester have separate courts of quarter sessions . There are 464 See also:

• CIVIL

civil parishes . Cheshire is almost wholly in the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of Chester, but small parts are in those of Manchester, St See also:

• ASAPH

Asaph or See also:

• LICHFIELD

Lichfield .. There are 268 ecclesiastical parishes or districts wholly or in part within the county . There are eight See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary divisions, namely, Macclesfield, Crewe, Eddisbury, Wirral, Knutsford, Altrincham, Hyde and Northwich, each returning one member; the county also includes the parliamentary borough of Birkenhead returning one member, and parts of the borough of Stockport, which returns two members, and of See also:

• ASHTON

Ashton-under-Lyne, Chester, Stalybridge, and Warrington, which return one member each . See also:

• HISTORY

History.-The earliest recorded See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical fact See also:

• RELATING

relating to the district which is now Cheshire is the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of Chester and destruction of the native Britons by the Northumbrian See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king lEthelfrith about 614 . After a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of incessant strife between the Britons and their Saxon invaders the district was subjugated by See also:

• ECGBERT, or ECGBERHT (d. 766)
• ECGBERT, or ECGBERHT (d. 839)

Ecgbert in 83o and incorporated in the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• MERCIA

Mercia . During the gth century iEthelwulf held his See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament at Chester, and received the See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage of his tributary See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings from See also:

• BERWICK, JAMES FITZJAMES

Berwick to See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent, and in the loth century lEtheiflwd rebuilt the city, and erected fortresses at Eddisbury and Runcorn . See also:

• EDWARD

Edward the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

Elder garrisoned Thelwall and strengthened the passages of the Mersey and the Irwell . On the splitting up of Mercia in the loth century the dependent districts along the Dee were made a shire for the fortress of Chester . The shire is first mentioned in the See also:

• ABINGDON

Abingdon See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

Chronicle, which relates that in 98o Cheshire was plundered by a See also:

• FLEET

fleet of Northmen . At the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the Domesday Survey the county was divided into twelve hundreds, exclusive of the six hundreds between the Ribble and the Mersey, now included in Lancashire, but then a part of Cheshire .

These divisions have suffered great modification, both in extent and in name, and of the seven modern hundreds Bucklow alone retains its Domesday appellation . The hundreds of Atiscross and Exestan have been transferred to the counties of Flint and Denbigh, with the exception of a few townships now in the See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred of Broxton . The prolonged resistance of Cheshire to the Conqueror was punished by ruthless harrying and sweeping confiscations of See also:

• PROPERTY

property, and no Englishman retained estates of importance after the See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest . In See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order that the shire might be relieved of all obligations beyond the ever-pressing necessity of defending its borders against the inroads of hostile neighbours, it was constituted a county palatine which the See also:

• EARL

earl of Chester " held as freely by his See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword as the king held England by his See also:

• CROWN

crown." The County had its See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent parliament 91 consisting of the barons and See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, and courts, and all lands except those of the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop were held of the earl . The court of See also:

• EXCHEQUER

exchequer was presided over by a See also:

• CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
• CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)

chamberlain; a See also:

• VICE

vice-chamberlain, and a See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron of the exchequer . It was principally a court of See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue, but probably a court of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice also, before that of the See also:

• JUSTICIARY, HIGH COURT OF

justiciary was established, and had besides the functions of a See also:

• CHANCERY

chancery court, with an exclusive See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction in See also:

• EQUITY (Lat. aequitas)

equity . Other See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of the See also:

• PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)

palatinate were the See also:

• CONSTABLE (0. Fr. connestable, Fr. connetable, Med. Lat. comestabilis, conestabilis, constabularius, from the Lat. comes stabuli, count of the stable)
• CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD (1774-1827)
• CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613)
• CONSTABLE, JOHN (1776-1837)
• CONSTABLE, SIR MARMADUKE (c. 1455-1518)

constable, high-steward and the serjeants of the peace and of the forests . The abbots of St Werburgh and Combermere and all the eight barons held courts, in any of which cases of See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital See also:

• FELONY (0. Fr. felonie, from felon, a word meaning " wicked," common to Romanic languages, cf. Italian fella, fellone, the ultimate origin of which is obscure, but is possibly connected either with Lat. fel, gall, or fallere, to deceive. The English " fel

felony might be tried . During the 12th and 13th centuries the county was impoverished by the See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant inroads of the Welsh . In 1264 the castle and city of Chester were granted to See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon de See also:

• MONTFORT
• MONTFORT, SIMON DE, EARL OF LEICESTER (d. 1265)

Montfort, and in 1267 the treaty of Shrewsbury procured a short See also:

• INTERVAL

interval of peace . See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard 1I., in return for the loyal support furnished him by the county, made it a principality, but the act was revoked in the next reign . In 1403 Cheshire was the headquarters of Hotspur, who roused the See also:

• PEOPLE

people by telling them that Richard II. was still living .

At the beginning of the See also:

• WARS

Wars of the See also:

• ROSES, WARS OF THE

Roses See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret collected a See also:

• BODY

body of supporters from among the Cheshire gentry, and Lancastrian risings occurred as See also:

• LATE

late as 1464 . At the time of the Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War feeling was so equally divided that an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt was made to form an association for preserving See also:

• INTERNAL

internal peace . In 1643, however, Chester was made the head-quarters of the royalist forces, while See also:

• NANTWICH

Nantwich was garrisoned for the parliament, and the county became the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of constant skirmishes until the surrender of Chester in 1646 put an end to the struggle . From the number of great families with which it has been associated Chester has been named " the See also:

• MOTHER

mother and See also:

• NURSE (a shortened form of the earlier " nourice," adapted through the French from Lat. nutrix, nu/rite, to nourish)

nurse of See also:

• ENGLISH

English gentility." Of the eight baronies of the earldom none survives, but the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of that of Kinderton was bestowed in 1762 on See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Venables-See also:

• VERNON
• VERNON, EDWARD (1684-1757)

Vernon, son of See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne, See also:

• SISTER

sister of See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter Venables, last baron of Kinderton, from whom the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Vernon of Kinderton is descended . Other great Domesday proprietors were See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William FitzNigel, baron of Halton, ancestor of the Lacys; See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh de See also:

• MARA, GERTRUD ELISABETH (1749-1833)

Mara, baron of Montalt, ancestor of the Ardens; Ranulph, ancestor of theMainwarings; and Hamo de See also:

• MASSEY, GERALD (1828-r9o7)
• MASSEY, SIR EDWARD (c. 1619-c. 1674)

Massey . The Davenports, Leighs and Warburtons trace their descent back to the 12th century, and the Grosvenors are descended from a See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew of Hugh See also:

• LUPUS (Lat. lupus, wolf)
• LUPUS, PUBLIUS RUTILIUS

Lupus . In the reign of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VIII. the distinctive privileges of Cheshire as a county palatine were considerably abridged . The right of See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary attached to the city of Chester was abolished; justices of the peace were appointed as in other parts of the kingdom, and in 1542 it was enacted that in future two knights for the shire and two burgesses for the city of Chester should be returned to parliament . After the Reform Act of 1832 the county returned four members from two divisions, and Macclesfield and Stpckport returned two members each . Birkenhead secured See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation in 1859 . From 1868 until the Redistribution Act of 1885 the county returned six members from three divisions . From earliest times the See also:

• STAPLE

staple products of Cheshire have been salt and cheese .

The salt-pits of Nantwich, Middlewich and Northwich were in active operation at the time of Edward the See also:

• CONFESSOR

Confessor, and at that date the See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills and See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries on the Dee also furnished a valuable source of revenue . Twelfth century writers refer to the excellence of Cheshire cheese, and at the time of the Civil War three hundred tons at £33 per ton were ordered in one year for the troops in Scctland . The trades of tanners, skinners and See also:

• GLOVE (O. Eng. glof, perhaps connected with Gothic lofa, the palm of the hand)

glove-makers existed at the time of the Conquest, and the export See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool in the 13th and 14th centuries was considerable . The first See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of rock-salt was discovered in 167o . See also:

• WEAVING

Weaving and wool-combing were introduced in 1674 . Antiquities.-The main See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture of the Alderley Edge (a) 2,856 Hoylake and West See also:

• KIRBY, WILLIAM (1759–1850)

Kirby (b) . 10,911 Alsager 2,597 Knutsford (a) . 5,172 Altrincham (a) 16,831 Lower Bebington (b) 8,398 Ashton-upon-Mersey (a) . 5,563 Lymm (a) . 4,707 Bollington (a) . 5,245 Marple (a) . 5,595 Bowdon (a) 2,788 Middlewich 4,669 Bredbury and Romiley (a) 7,087 Mottram-in-Longdendale (a) 3,128 Bromborough_ (b) .

. 1,891 Nantwich . 7,722 Buglawton (Congleton) 1,452 Neston and Parkgate (b) 4,154 Cheadle and Gatley (a) 7,916 Northwich . 17,611 Compstall (a) . 875 Runcorn 16,491 See also:

• ELLESMERE

Ellesmere Port and See also:

• WHITBY

Whitby (b) 4,082 Sale (a) . 12,088 See also:

• HALE, EDWARD EVERETT (1822-1909)
• HALE, HORATIO (1817–1896)
• HALE, JOHN PARKER (1806–1873)
• HALE, NATHAN (1756-1776)
• HALE, SIR MATTHEW (1609-1676)
• HALE, WILLIAM GARDNER (1849- )

Hale (a) . 4,562 See also:

• SANDBACH

Sandbach . . . . 5,558 Handforth (a) 911 Tarporley 2,644 See also:

• HAZEL (0. Eng. hresell; cf. Ger. Hasel, Swed. and Dan. Kassel, &c.,; Fr. noiselier, coudrier)

Hazel See also:

• GROVE (O.E. graf, cf. O.E. gr(efa, brushwood, later" greave "; the word does not appear in any other Teutonic language, and the New English Dictionary finds no Indo-European root to which it can be referred; Skeat considers it connected with " grave," to
• GROVE, SIR GEORGE (182o-1900)
• GROVE, SIR WILLIAM ROBERT (1811-1896)

Grove and Bramhall (a) 7,934 See also:

• WALLASEY

Wallasey (b) 53,579 Higher Bebington (b) 1,540 Wilmslow (a) 7,361 Hollingworth (a) 2,447 Winsford . 10,382 See also:

• HOOLE, JOHN (2727-1803)

Hoole (Chester) 5,341 Yeardsley-cum-Whaley (a) 1,487 county lies in the direction of domestic buildings rather than ecclesiastical . Old half-timbered houses are common in almost every part of the county; many of these add to the picturesqueness of the streets in the older towns, as in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the famous Rows in Chester, while in the country many ancient See also:

• MANOR

manor-houses remain as See also:

• FARM

farm-houses . Among the finest examples are Bramhall See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall, between Stockport and Macclesfield, and Moreton Old Hall, near Congleton (see See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

HousE, PIate IV., fig . 13) .

The first, occupying three sides of a quadrangle (formerly completed by a See also:

• FOURTH

fourth side), See also:

• DATES

dates from the 13th and 14th centuries, and contains a splendid panelled hall and other rooms . Of Moreton Hall, which is moated, only three sides similarly remain; its date is of the 16th century . Other buildings of the Elizabethan period are not infrequent, such as Brereton and Dorfold Halls, while more modern mansions, set in See also:

• FINE

fine estates, are numerous . Crewe Hall is a modern building on an ancient site, and Vale Royal near Winsford incorporates fragments of a Cistercian monastery founded in 1277 . A noteworthy instance of the half-timbered See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style applied to an ecclesiastical building is found in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk