OF 4TH See also:

• EARL

EARL See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

PHILIP See also:

• DORMER (from Lat. dormire, to sleep)

DORMER See also:

• STANHOPE, EARLS
• STANHOPE, LADY HESTER LUCY (1776-1839)

STANHOPE See also:

• CHESTERFIELD
• OF 4TH EARL PHILIP DORMER STANHOPE CHESTERFIELD (1694–1773)

CHESTERFIELD (1694–1773)  , son of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• STANHOPE, EARLS
• STANHOPE, LADY HESTER LUCY (1776-1839)

Stanhope, third See also:

• EARL

earl (1673–1726), and See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth See also:

• SAVILE, SIR G
• SAVILE, SIR GEORGE (1726-1784)
• SAVILE, SIR HENRY (1549–1622)

Savile, daughter of See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Savile, See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

marquess of See also:

• HALIFAX
• HALIFAX, CHARLES MONTAGUE, EARL OF (1661–1715)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE MONTAGU DUNK, 2ND EARL OF (1716-1771)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE SAVILE, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1633-1695)

Halifax, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• LONDON

London on the 22nd of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1694; Philip, the first earl (1584–1656), son of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Stanhope of Shelford, was a royalist who in 1616 was created See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron Stanhope of Shelford, and in 1628 earl of See also:

• CHESTERFIELD
• CHESTERFIELD, PHILIP DORMER STANHOPE, 4TH EARL, OF (1694–1773)

Chesterfield; and his See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson the 2nd earl (1633–1714) was grandfather of the 4th earl . Deprived at an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of his See also:

• MOTHER

mother, the care of the boy devolved upon his grandmother, the marchioness of Halifax, a See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady of culture and connexion, whose See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house was frequented by the most distinguished Whigs of the See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch . He soon began to prove himself possessed of that systematic spirit of conduct and effort which appeared so much in] his See also:

• LIFE

life and See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . His See also:

• EDUCATION

education, begun under a private See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor, was continued (1712) at Trinity See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall, See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge; here he remained little more than a See also:

• YEAR

year and seems to have read hard, and to have acquired a considerable knowledge of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient and See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages . The See also:

• GREAT

great orators of all times were a See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• OBJECT

object of study with him, and he describes his boyish pedantry pleasantly enough, but by no means without a See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch of self-See also:

• SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction in the memory . His university training was supplemented (1714) by a See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental tour, untrammelled by a See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor; at the See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague his ambition for the See also:

• APPLAUSE (Lat. applaudere, to strike upon, clap)

applause awarded to See also:

• ADVENTURE (from Lat. res adventura, a thing about to happen)

adventure made a gamester of him, and at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris he began, from tha same See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive, that See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of the conventional See also:

• VENUS

Venus, the serious inculcation of which has earned for him the largest and most unenviable See also:

• PART

part of his reputation . The See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne and the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of George I. opened up a career for him and brought him back to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, His relative See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James Stanhope (afterwards first Earl Stanhope), the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's favourite See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, procured for him the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman of the bedchamber to the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales . In 1 715 he entered the House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons as See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Stanhope of Shelford and member for St Germans, and when the See also:

• IMPEACHMENT (O. Fr. empeahement, empeschement, from em pecher or empescher, to hinder, Late Lat. impedicare, to entangle, pedica, fetter, pes, foot)

impeachment of James, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• ORMONDE, EARL AND MARQUESS OF
• ORMONDE, JAMES BUTLER, 1ST DUKE
• ORMONDE, JAMES BUTLER, 2ND DUKE OF (1665-1745)

Ormonde, came before the House, he used the occasion (5th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1715) to put to See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof his old rhetorical studies . His See also:

• MAIDEN, or MAID

maiden speech was youthfully fluent and dogmatic; but on its conclusion the orator was reminded with many compliments, by an See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable member, that he wanted six See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks of his See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority, and consequently that he was amenable to a See also:

• FINE

fine of £500 for speaking in the House . Lord Stanhope quitted the Commons with a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow and started for the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent . From Paris he rendered the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government important service by gathering and transmitting See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information respecting the 'Jacobite See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

plot; and in 1716 he returned to England, resumed his seat, and took frequent part in the debates . In that year came the See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel between the king and the See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir apparent .

Stanhope, whose politic See also:

• INSTINCT

instinct obliged him to worship the rising rather than the setting See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun, remained faithful to the prince, though he was too cautious to break entirely with the king's party . He was on friendly terms with the prince's See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress,Hearietta See also:

• HOWARD (FAMILY)
• HOWARD, CATHERINE (d. 1542)
• HOWARD, JOHN (1726-1790)
• HOWARD, LORD WILLIAM (1563–1640)
• HOWARD, OLIVER OTIS (1830-19o9)
• HOWARD, SIR ROBERT (1626–1698)

Howard, after-wards countess of See also:

• SUFFOLK
• SUFFOLK, CHARLES BRANDON, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1484–'545)
• SUFFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SUFFOLK, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1561-1626)
• SUFFOLK, WILLIAM DE LA POLE

Suffolk . He maintained a See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence with this lady which won for him the hatred of the princess of Wales (afterwards See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• CAROLINE
• CAROLINE (1683-1737)

Caroline) . In 1723 a See also:

• VOTE

vote for the government got him the place of See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain of the Gentlemen Pensioners . In See also:

• JANUARY

January 1725, on the revival of the See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

Bath, the red riband was offered to him, but was declined . In 1726 his See also:

• FATHER

father died, and Lord Stanhope became earl of Chesterfield . He took his seat in the Upper House, and his See also:

• ORATORY (Lat. oratorio, sc. ors; from orare, to speak or pray)

oratory, never effective in the Commons by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of its want of force and excess of finish, at once became a See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . In 1728 Chesterfield was sent to the Hague as See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador . In this place his tact and See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper, his dexterity and discrimination, enabled him to do See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good service, and he was rewarded with See also:

• WALPOLE, HORATIO
• WALPOLE, SIR SPENCER (1839-1907)

Walpole's friendship, a Garter and the place of lord high steward . In 1732 there was born to him, by a certain Mlle du Bouchet, the son, Philip Stanhope, for whose See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice and instruction were after-wards written the famous Letters . He negotiated the second treaty of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna in 1731, and in the next year, being somewhat broken in See also:

• HEALTH

health and See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune, he resigned his See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy and re-turned to England . A few months' See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest enabled him to resume his seat in the Lords, of which he was one of the acknowledged leaders .

He supported the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry, but his See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance was not the See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind fealty Walpole exacted of his followers . The See also:

• EXCISE (derived through the Dutch, excijs or accijs, possibly from Late Lat. accensare,—ad, to, and census, tax; the word owes something to a confusion with excisum, cut out)

Excise See also:

• BILL

Bill, the great premier's favourite measure, was vehemently opposed by him in the Lords, and by his three See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers in the Commons . Walpole See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent before the See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm and abandoned the measure; but Chesterfield was summarily dismissed from his stewardship . For the next two years he led the opposition in the Upper House, leaving no See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone unturned to effect Walpole's downfall . In 1741 he signed the protest for Walpole's dismissal and went abroad on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his health . He visited See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire at See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels and spent some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in Paris, where he associated with the younger See also:

• CREBILLON, PROSPER JOLYOT DE (1674-1762)

Crebillon, See also:

• FONTENELLE, BERNARD LE BOVIER DE (1657-1757)

Fontenelle and See also:

• MONTESQUIEU, CHARLES LOUIS DE SECONDAT, BARON DE LA BREDE ET DE (1689-1755)

Montesquieu . In 1%42 Walpole See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell, and See also:

• CARTERET, SIR GEORGE (c. 1610-1680)

Carteret was his real, though not his nominal successor . Although Walpole's See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration had been overthrown largely by Chesterfield's efforts the new ministry did not See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count Chesterfield either in its ranks or among its supporters . He remained in' opposition, distinguishing himself by the courtly bitterness of his attacks on George II., who learned to hate him violently . In 1743 a new See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

journal, Old England; or, the Constitutional Journal appeared . For this See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper Chesterfield wrote under the name of " See also:

• JEFFREY, FRANCIS JEFFREY

Jeffrey Broadbottom." A number of See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets, in some of which Chesterfield had the help of See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund See also:

• WALLER, EDMUND (1606-1687)
• WALLER, LEWIS (186o- )
• WALLER, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1597-1668)

Waller, followed . His energetic See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign against George II. and his government won the gratitude of the See also:

• DOWAGER (from the Old Fr. douagiere, mod. douairiere)

dowager duchess of See also:

• MARLBOROUGH
• MARLBOROUGH, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• MARLBOROUGH, JOHN CHURCHILL, 1ST DUKE OF (1650-1722)

Marlborough, who See also:

• LEFT

left him £20,000 as a See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark of her appreciation .

In 1744 the king was compelled to abandon Carteret, and the See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition or" Broad Bottom" party, led by Chesterfield and See also:

• PITT, THOMAS (1653-1726)
• PITT, WILLIAM (1759-1806)

Pitt, came into See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office . In the troublous See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European politics the earl's conduct and experience were more useful abroad than at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, and he was sent to the Hague as ambassador a second time . The object of his See also:

• MISSION

mission was to persuade the Dutch to join in the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

Succession and to arrange the details of their assistance . The success of his mission was See also:

• COMPLETE

complete; and on his return a few weeks afterwards he received the lord-lieutenancy of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland —a place he had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long coveted . See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

Short as it was, Chesterfield's Irish administration was of great service to his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and is unquestionably that part of his See also:

• POLITICAL

political life which does him most See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour . To have conceived and carried out a policy which, with certain reservations, See also:

• BURKE
• BURKE, ROBERT
• BURKE, SIR JOHN BERNARD (1814–1892)
• BURKE, WILLIAM (1792–1829)

Burke himself might have originated and owned, is indeed no small See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title to regard . The earl showed himself finely capable in practice as in theory, vigorous and tolerant, a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man to be feared and a See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader to be followed; he took the government entirely into his own hands, repressed the jobbery traditional to the office, established See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools and manufactures, and at once conciliated and kept in check the See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

Orange and See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic factions . In 1746, however, he had to See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange the lord-lieutenancy for the place of secretary of state . With a curious respect for those theories his familiarity with the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret social See also:

• HISTORY

history of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France had caused him to entertain, he hoped and attempted to retain a hold over the king through the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Lady See also:

• YARMOUTH
• YARMOUTH (GREAT YARMOUTH)

Yarmouth, though the futility of such means had already been demonstrated to him by his relations with Queen Caroline's "ma bonne Howard." The influence of See also:

• NEWCASTLE
• NEWCASTLE, DUKES OF

Newcastle and See also:

• SANDWICH
• SANDWICH, EDWARD MONTAGU, or MOUNTAGU, 1ST EARL OF (1625–1672)
• SANDWICH, JOHN MONTAGU, 4TH EARL OF (1718–1792)

Sandwich, however, was too strong for him; he was thwarted and over-reached; and in 1748 he resigned the See also:

• SEALS

seals, and returned to See also:

• CARDS, PLAYING

cards and his books with the admirable composure which was one of his most striking characteristics . He declined any knowledge of the See also:

• APOLOGY (from Gr. &aoXoyia, defence)

Apology for a See also:

• LATE

late Resignation, in a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

Letter from an . See also:

• ENGLISH

English Gentleman to his Friend at The Hague, which ran through four See also:

• EDITIONS

editions in 1748, but there is little doubt that he was, at least in part, the author . The dukedom offered him by George II., whose See also:

• ILL

ill-will his fine tact had overcome, was refused .

He continued for some years to attend the Upper House, and to take part in its proceedings . In 1751, seconded by Lord See also:

• MACCLESFIELD
• MACCLESFIELD, CHARLES GERARD, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1618-1694)

Macclesfield, See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the Royal 'Society, and See also:

• BRADLEY, GEORGE GRANVILLE (1821–1903)
• BRADLEY, JAMES (1693–1762)

Bradley, the eminent mathematician, he distinguished himself greatly in the debates on the See also:

• CALENDAR

calendar, and succeeded in making the new See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style a fact . Deafness, however, was gradually affecting him, and he withdrew little by little from society and the practice of politics . In 1755 occurred the. famous dispute with See also:

• JOHNSON, ANDREW
• JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
• JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
• JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
• JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
• JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
• JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
• JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
• JOHNSON, THOMAS

Johnson over the See also:

• DEDICATION (Lat. dedicatio, from dedicare, to proclaim, to announce)

dedication to the English See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary . In 1747 Johnson sent Chesterfield, who was then secretary of state, a See also:

• PROSPECTUS (Lat. for view, look-out, prospect, from prospicere, to look forward)

prospectus of his Dictionary, which was acknowledged by a subscription of £ro . Chesterfield apparently took no further See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the enterprise, and the See also:

• BOOK

book was about to appear, when he wrote two papers in the See also:

• WORLD

World in praise of it . It was said that Johnson was kept waiting in the anteroom when he called while See also:

• CIBBER (or CIBERT), CAIUS GABRIEL (163o-1700)
• CIBBER, COLLEY (1671-1757)

Cibber was admitted . In any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor had expected more help from a professed See also:

• PATRON

patron of literature, and wrote the earl the famous letter in See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of men of letters . Chesterfield's " respectable Hottentot," now identified with George, Lord See also:

• LYTTELTON
• LYTTELTON, GEORGE LYTTELTON, 1ST BARON (17o9-1773)

Lyttelton, was long supposed, though on slender grounds, to be a portrait of Johnson . During the twenty years of life that followed this See also:

• EPISODE

episode, Chesterfield wrote and read a great See also:

• DEAL

deal, but went little into society . In 1768 died Philip Stanhope, the See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child of so many hopes . The See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant care bestowed by his father on his education resulted in an honourable but not particularly distinguished career for See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young Stanhope .

His death was an overwhelming grief to Chesterfield, and the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery that he had long been married to a lady of humble origin must have been galling in the extreme to his father after his careful instruction in worldly See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom . Chesterfield, who had no See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children by his wife, Melusina von Schulemberg, illegitimate daughter of George I., whom he married in 1733, adopted his godson, a distant See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin, named Philip Stanhope (1755-1815), as heir to the title and estates . His famous jest (which even Johnson allowed to have merit)— " Tyrawley and I have been dead these two years, but we See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

don't choose to have it known "--is the best description possible of his See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour and See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition during the latter part of this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of decline . To the deafness was added See also:

• BLINDNESS

blindness, but his memory and his fine See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners only left him with life; his last words (" Give Dayrolles a See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair ") prove that he had neither forgotten his friend nor the way to receive him . He died on the 24th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1773 . Chesterfield was selfish, calculating and contemptuous; he was not naturally generous, and he practised dissimulation till it became part of his nature . In spite of his brilliant talents and of the admirable training he received, his life, on the whole, cannot be pronounced a success . His anxiety and the pains he took to become an orator have been already noticed, and See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace Walpole, who had heard all the great orators, preferred a speech of Chesterfield's to any other; yet the earl's eloquence is not to be compared with that of Pitt . See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel Johnson, who was not perhaps the best See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge in the world, pronounced his manners to have been " exquisitely elegant "; yet as a courtier he was utterly worsted by See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Walpole, whose manners were anything but refined, and even by Newcastle . He desired to be known as a See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector of letters and See also:

• LITERARY

literary men; and his want of See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart or See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head over the Dictionary dedication, though explained See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid excused by See also:

• CROKER, JOHN WILSON (1780-1857)
• CROKER, RICHARD (1843– )
• CROKER, THOMAS CROFTON (1798-1854)

Croker, none the less inspired the famous See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in a famous See also:

• LINE

line—" Toil, envy, want, the patron, and the jail . " His published writings have had with posterity a very indifferent success; his literary reputation rests on a See also:

• VOLUME

volume of letters never designed to appear in See also:

• PRINT

print . The son for whom he worked so hard and thought so deeply failed especially where his father had most desired he should succeed .

As a politician and statesman, Chesterfield's fame rests on his short but brilliant administration of Ireiaand . As an author he was a See also:

• CLEVER

clever essayist and epigrammatist . But he stands or fails by the Letters to his Son, first published by Stanhope's widow in 1774, and the Letters to his Godson (r8go) . The Letters are brilliantly written—full of elegant wisdom, of keen wit, of admirable portrait-See also:

• PAINTING

painting, of exquisite observation and See also:

• DEDUCTION (from Lat. deducere, to take or lead from or out of, derive)

deduction . Against the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of an undue insistence on the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external See also:

• GRACES, THE, (Gr. X&panes, Lat. Gratiae)

graces of manner Chesterfield has been adequately defended by Lord Stanhope (History, iii . 34) . Against the often iterated See also:

• ACCUSATION (Lat. accusatio, accusare, to challenge to a causa, a suit or trial at law)

accusation of immorality, it should be remembered that the Letters reflected the morality of the age, and that their author only systematized and reduced to See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing the principles of conduct by which, deliberately or unconsciously, the best and the worst of his contemporaries were governed . The earldom of Chesterfield passed at his death to his godson, already mentioned, as 5th earl, and so to the latter's son and grandson . On the death of the latter unmarried in 1871, it passed in succession to two See also:

• COLLATERAL (from Med. Lat. collateralis,—cum, with, and latus, lateris, side,—side by side, hence parallel or additional)

collateral heirs, the 8th and 0th earls, and so in 1887 to the latter's son as loth earl . See Chesterfield's See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

Miscellaneous See also:

• WORKS

Works (London, 1777, 2 vols . 4to) ; Letters to his Son, &c., edited by Lord Mahon (London, 1845-1853, 5 vols.); and Letters to his Godson (1890) (edited by the earl of See also:

• CARNARVON
• CARNARVON, EARLDOM OF

Carnarvon) . There are also editions of the first See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of letters by J .

See also:

• BRADSHAW, GEORGE (1801–1853)
• BRADSHAW, HENRY (1831—1886)
• BRADSHAW, HENRY (c. 1450–1513)
• BRADSHAW, JOHN (i6o2-1659)

Bradshaw (3 vols., 1892) and Mr C . See also:

• STRACHEY, SIR JOHN (1823—1907)
• STRACHEY, SIR RICHARD (1817-1908)

Strachey (2 vols., 1901) . In 1893 a See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography, including numerous letters first published from the Newcastle Papers, was issued by Mr W . See also:

• ERNST, HEINRICH WILHELM (1814–1865)

Ernst; and in 1907 appeared an elaborate Life by W . H . See also:

• CRAIG, JOHN (1512 ?-1600)
• CRAIG, SIR THOMAS (c. 1538–1608)

Craig . (A .