CHEVIOT HILLS  , a range forming about 35 M. of the border between See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland . The boundary generally follows the See also:

• LINE

line of greatest See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation, but as the slope is more See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual southward and northward the larger See also:

• PART

part of the range is in See also:

• NORTHUMBERLAND
• NORTHUMBERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN DUDLEY, VISCOUNT LISLE, EARL OF WARWICK
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN NEVILLE, EARL OF (c. 1430-1471)

Northumberland, England, and the lesser in See also:

• ROXBURGHSHIRE

Roxburghshire, Scotland .. The See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis runs from N.E. to S.W., with a northward tendency at the eastern end, where the See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge culminates in the Cheviot, 2676 ft . Its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief elevations from this point See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-westward fall abruptly to 2034 ft. in Windygate See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill, and then more gradually to about 7600 ft. above the pass, followed by a high road from See also:

• REDESDALE, JOHN

Redesdale . Beyond this are See also:

• CARTER, ELIZABETH (1717-1806)

Carter See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

Fell (18r5) and See also:

• PEEL
• PEEL, ARTHUR WELLESLEY PEEL, 1ST VISCOUNT (1829- )
• PEEL, SIR ROBERT, BART

Peel Fell (1964), after which two lines of lesser elevation See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch westward and. southward to enclose See also:

• LIDDESDALE

Liddesdale . The hills are finely grouped, of conical and high-arched forms, and generally grass-covered . Their flanks are scored with deep narrow glens in every direction, carrying the headwaters of the Till, See also:

• COQUET (pronounced C6cket)
• COQUET (pronounced co-kette)

Coquet and See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• TYNE

Tyne on the south, and tributaries of the See also:

• TWEED

Tweed on the north . The range is famous for a valuable breed of See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, which find abundant pasture on its smooth declivities . In earlier days it was the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of many episodes of border warfare, and its name is inseparably associated with the ballad of Chevy See also:

• CHASE
• CHASE, SALMON PORTLAND (1808-1873)
• CHASE, SAMUEL (1741–1811)
• CHASE, WILLIAM MERRITT (1849– )

Chase . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main route into Scotland from England lies along the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low coastal See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the Till; the Till itself provided another, and Redesdale a third . There are numerous ruins of castles and " peel towers " or forts on the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side in this See also:

• DISTRICT

district . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The rocks entering into the See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological structure of the Cheviots belong to the See also:

• SILURIAN

Silurian, Old Red See also:

• SANDSTONE

Sandstone and Carboniferous systems .

The eldest strata, which are of Upper Silurian See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form inliers that have been exposed by the denudation of the younger palaeozoic rocks . One of these which occurs high up on the slopes of the Cheviots is drained by the Kale See also:

• WATER

Water and the See also:

• RIVER

river Coquet and is covered towards the north by the Old Red Sandstone volcanic See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series and on the south by Carboniferous strata . Another See also:

• AREA

area is traversed by the Jed Water and the Edgerston See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

Burn and is surrounded by rocks of Old Red Sandstone age . The strata consist of greywackes, flags and shales with seams and zones of graptolite shale which yield fossils sparingly . On the upturned and denuded edges of the Silurian strata a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PILE

pile of contemporaneous volcanic rocks of See also:

• LOWER

Lower Old Red See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

Sand-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone age rests unconformably, which consists chiefly of lavas with thin partings of See also:

• TUFF (Ital. tufo)

tuff . A striking feature is the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of coarse sediments, thus indicating prolonged volcanic activity . They See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover an area of about 230 sq. m. in the eastern part of the Cheviots and rise to a height of 2676 ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . The lavas comprise dark See also:

• PITCHSTONE (German Pechstein, from its resemblance to pitch)

pitchstone, resembling that at See also:

• KIRK, SIR JOHN (1832- )

Kirk See also:

• YETHOLM

Yetholm, and porphyritic and amygdaloidal andesites and basalts . This volcanic See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform is pierced by a See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite about 20 sq. m. in extent, which forms the highest See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak in the Cheviot range . It has been described by Dr Teall as an See also:

• AUGITE

augite-See also:

• BIOTITE

biotite-granite having strong See also:

• AFFINITIES

affinities with the augite-bearing granitites of Laveline and Oberbruck in the See also:

• VOSGES
• VOSGES (Lat. Vogesus or Vosagus, Ger. Wasgau or Vogesen)

Vosges . Both the granite and the surrounding lavas are traversed by dykes and sills of intermediate and See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid types represented by See also:

• MICA

mica-porphyrites and See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz-felsites . On their north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west margin the Lower Old Red volcanic rocks are covered unconformably by the upper See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of that See also:

• SYSTEM

system composed of red sandstones and conglomerates, which, when followed westwards, See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest directly on the Silurian platform .

Towards the south and east the volcanic pile is overlaid by Carboniferous strata, thus indicating a prolonged See also:

• INTERVAL

interval of denudation . On the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern slopes of the western part of the Cheviots the representatives of the Cementstone See also:

• GROUP

group of the Carboniferous system come to the See also:

• SURFACE

surface, where they consist of shales, See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays, mudstones, sandstones with cementstones and occasional' bands of marine See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone . These are followed in normal See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order by the Fell Sandstone group, comprising a See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of sandstones with intercalations of red and See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green clays and impure cementstone bands . They form the higher part of the Larriston Fells and are traceable eastwards to Peel Fell, where there is See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of successive See also:

• LAND

land surfaces in the form of dirt beds . They are succeeded by the See also:

• LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL
• LEWIS, JOHN FREDERICK (180 1876)
• LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775-1818)
• LEWIS, MERIWETHER (1774-1809)
• LEWIS, SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL, BART

Lewis-burn See also:

• COAL

coal-bearing group, which represents the Scremerston coals .