CHICAGO  , a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, a See also:

• PORT

port of entry and the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county-seat of See also:

• COOK
• COOK, ALBERT STANBURROUGH (1853– )
• COOK, EDWARD DUTTON (1829–1883)
• COOK, ELIZA (1818–1889)
• COOK, JAMES (1728-1779)
• COOK, THOMAS (1808-1892)

Cook county, See also:

• ILLINOIS

Illinois, U.S.A., the second city of the See also:

• UNITED

United States in See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce and manufactures; pop . (190o) 1,698,575; and (1910) 2,185,283 . It is situated at the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west corner of See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• MICHIGAN
• MICHIGAN, LAKE
• MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF

Michigan (See also:

• LAT

lat . 41° 5o', See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . 87° 38' W.), about 913 M. distant by railway from New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 912 in. from New See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans, 2265 M. from Los Angeles, and 2330 M. from See also:

• SEATTLE

Seattle . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is very changeable and is much affected by the lake; changes of more than See also:

• THIRTY

thirty degrees in temperature within 24 See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours are not at all rare, and changes of twenty are See also:

• COMMON

common . The city is the greatest railway centre of the United States, and was for several decades practically the only commercial outlet of the See also:

• GREAT

great agricultural region of the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi Valley . See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

Trunk lines reach E. to See also:

• MONTREAL

Montreal, See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, New York, See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia, See also:

• BALTIMORE
• BALTIMORE, GEORGE CALVERT, 1ST BARON (C. 1580—1632)

Baltimore (the nearest point on the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, 854 m.); S. to See also:

• CHARLESTON

Charleston, See also:

• SAVANNAH

Savannah, See also:

• FLORIDA

Florida., See also:

• MOBILE

Mobile, New Orleans, Port See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur and See also:

• GALVESTON

Galveston; W. to the Pacific at Los Angeles, See also:

• SAN

San Francisco, Seattle and See also:

• VANCOUVER
• VANCOUVER, GEORGE (c. 1758-1798)

Vancouver, and to most of these by a variety of routes . In 1905 about 14% of the See also:

• WORLD

world's railway mileage centred in Chicago . With its suburbs Chicago stretches along the See also:

• SHORE

shore of Lake Michigan about 4o m . (the city proper 26.5), and the city in 1910 had a See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area of 191.4 sq. m.l It spreads loosely and irregularly backward from the lake over a shallow alluvial See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin, which is rimmed to the W. by a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• MORAINE

moraine See also:

• WATER

water-parting2 that separates the drainage of the lake from thatof the Mississippi Valley . The city site has been built up out of the " Lake Chicago " of glacial times, which exceeded in See also:

• SIZE

size Lake Michigan .

Three lakes—See also:

• CALUMET (Norm. Fr. form of chalumet, from Lat. calamus, a reed)

Calumet, 3122 acres; See also:

• HYDE
• HYDE, THOMAS (1636-1703)

Hyde; and See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

Wolf—with a water-See also:

• SURFACE

surface of some 4100 acres, See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie within the municipal limits . The See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of what is now the business See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of the city was only about 7 ft. above the lake, but the level was greatly raised—in some places more than ro ft.—over a large area, between 1855 and 186o . The West See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

Side, especially in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-west near See also:

• HUMBOLDT, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ALEXANDER, BARON
• HUMBOLDT, KARL WILHELM VON (1767-1835)

Humboldt See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park, is much higher (extreme 75 ft.) . A narrow inlet from the lake, the Chicago See also:

• RIVER

river, runs W. from its shore about a mile, dividing then into a north and a south See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch, which run respectively to the N.W. and the S.W., thus cutting the city into three divisions known as the North, the West and the South " Sides," which are united by three See also:

• CAR (Late Lat. carra)

car-tunnels beneath the river as well as by the See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges across it.' The river no longer empties into Lake Michigan since the completion of the drainage See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal . Its commercial importance is very great: indeed it is probably the most important non-tidal stream of its length in the world, or if it be regarded as a See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, one of the greatest; the See also:

• TONNAGE

tonnage of its yearly commerce far exceeds that of the See also:

• SUEZ

Suez Canal and almost equals the tonnage of the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade (the domestic excluded) of the See also:

• THAMES

Thames or the See also:

• MERSEY

Mersey . The increase in size of the newer freighters that ply on the Great Lakes4 has proved one serious difficulty, and the bridges and the river tunnels, which hinder the deeper cutting of the channel, are others . The improvement of the See also:

• OUTER

outer harbour by the See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government was begun in 1833 . Great breakwaters protect the river mouth from the silting shore currents of the lake and afford secure shelter in an outer road-See also:

• STEAD, WILLIAM THOMAS (1849– )

stead from its storms, and there is a smaller inner-basin (about 450 acres, 16 ft. See also:

• DEPTH

depth) as well . But the river itself which has about 15 M. of navigable channel, in part lined with docks, is the mbst important part of the harbour . Its channel has been repeatedly deepened, and in See also:

• RECENT

recent years—especially since 1896, after its See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control as a navigable stream passed (189o) to the federal government—widened and straightened by the removal of jutting See also:

• BUILDING

building constructions along its shores . See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

Grain See also:

• ELEVATORS, LIFTS

elevators of enormous size, See also:

• COAL

coal yards, See also:

• LUMBER

lumber yards and grimy warehouses or factories See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close upon it . The See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping facilities on the river are not so See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good in some ways, however, as on the Calumet in southeastern (or South) Chicago, whither there has been a strong See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement of manufactures and heavy commerce .

The See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of the city is in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general " See also:

• REGULAR

regular," i.e. rigidly rectangular, and the streets are in general wide . The evenness of the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain has saved Chicago from most of the vast expense incurred by some See also:

• AMERICAN

American cities (notably Boston and San Francisco) in the See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension or levelling of their sites and the removal of obstructions unfavourable to their development . The business See also:

• DISTRICT

district is concentrated in a small area of the South Side, just below the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main river and between the south branch and the lake . A number of the railway terminals, almost all the great wholesale and See also:

• RETAIL

retail houses, the leading hotels and In 1889 the total area (See also:

• LAND

land and water) was increased from 43.8 to 169.9 sq. m . ; in 1890 the land area was 163.49 sq . M . 'About 15 ft. in elevation; hence the possibility of the drainage canal . a Among the last are many See also:

• SWING, DAVID (1830-1894)

swing and " See also:

• JACK

jack-See also:

• KNIFE (0. E. cuff, a word appearing in different forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. knijf, Ger. Kneif, a shoe-maker's knife, Swed. knif; the ultimate origin is unknown; Skeat finds the origin in the root of " nip," formerly " knip "; Fr. canif is a

knife " bridges, bascules, and a lift-See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge that can be lifted bodily 155 ft. above the channel . See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

Steam, compressed See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air and See also:

• ELECTRICITY

electricity are used as See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . * By 1900 almost all were being built of a length exceeding 400 ft . public buildings are crowded within an area of about 1.5 sq . m .

The congestion of the streets—considerably lessened since the See also:

• FREIGHT, (pronounced like " weight "; derived from the Dutch vracht or vrecht, in Fr. fret, the Eng. " fraught " being the same word, and formerly used for the same thing, but now only as an adjective= " laden ")

freight-subways have reduced the amount of heavy trucking--is proportionately great, and their din and crush is characteristic of the city . The residential districts, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, are unevenly and loosely spread; many areas well within the city are only sparsely settled . A See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of "See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad lands "—occupied by factories, shanties, &c.—partially surrounds the best business district . The See also:

• SMOKE (from O. Eng. smeocan, to smoke, reek, cf. Dutch meek, Ger. Schmauch, probably allied to Gr. vol9caiv)

smoke resulting from the use of soft coal has given a drab and dingy See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour-See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone to the buildings . The low and even See also:

• RELIEF

relief of the site and the long vistas of the streets do not lend themselves to the picturesque; yet this quality may be claimed for the high and broken skyline, varied colour, massiveness, bustle and impressive commercialism of the business district . Chicago is generally credited with being the original See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of the See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel-See also:

• FRAME

frame " See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky-scraper,"' though there are now higher buildings elsewhere in See also:

• AMERICA

America . The unstable See also:

• SOIL

soil of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand, See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay and boulders that underlies the city is unfavourable to tall constructions, and necessitates extraordinary See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations . The See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed-See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock lies, on an See also:

• AVERAGE

average, so ft. below the level of the lake (in places more than a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred) . To the rock the foundations are often sunk in caissons, the buildings resting on See also:

• MONSTER (Lat. monstrum, from root of monere, to warn; i.e. something terrible or portentous)
• MONSTER, GEORG, COUNT ZU (1776-1844)

monster columns of See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

concrete and steel ? In other cases great " pads " of the same materials, resting or " floating " upon the clay, sustain and distribute the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of the building . The small extent of the business See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter adds to the effect of its tall structures . The Auditorium (1889; cost, $3,500,000), a huge building containing a hotel and a See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre (5000 seats), is one of the most massive commercial structures of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country .

The Masonic See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple (cost, $3,000,000) is the tallest in the city (302 ft.) . In 1909 there were some 475 structures ten or more storeys high . Not a few are noteworthy, whether for size—as the See also:

• MONADNOCK

Monadnock See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office building of 16 storeys, with some 6000 occupants, and the new Northwestern Railway station; or for the luxury of their interior fittings—as the La Salle, See also:

• BLACKSTONE, SIR WILLIAM (1723-1780)

Blackstone and See also:

• SHERMAN
• SHERMAN, JOHN (x823-1900)
• SHERMAN, ROGER (1721–1793)

Sherman hotels; or for boldness and originality in the treatment of the t teel-frame type; or for association with the city's See also:

• LIFE

life —as the See also:

• FINE

Fine Arts building, given over to varied purposes of public amusement and See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic or intellectual improvement, or the Railway See also:

• EXCHANGE

Exchange (cased in tiles), the University See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

Club, the Chamber of Commerce and the See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board of Trade; and many others are handsome and dignified examples of See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture . The See also:

• MARQUETTE
• MARQUETTE, JACQUES (1637–1675)

Marquette building, consistently and handsomely decorated with See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• ART

art, is one of the finest office-buildings in the country . There are a number of enormous retail stores . The largest, and one of the finest in the world, is that of See also:

• MARSHALL
• MARSHALL, ALFRED (1842– )
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1755–1835)
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1818-1891)
• MARSHALL, STEPHEN (c. 1594-1655)

Marshall See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

Field . The wholesale See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment cf the same See also:

• FIRM

firm is the See also:

• WORK

work of H . H . See also:

• RICHARDSON, GEORGE
• RICHARDSON, HENRY HOBSON (1838-1886)
• RICHARDSON, SAMUEL (1689-1761)
• RICHARDSON, SIR JOHN (1787-1865)

Richardson, considered one of his best, and one of the most admirable examples among American commercial buildings . The city See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall and county See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house (cost, $4,500,000) is an enormous See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double building in a See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, with columned facades . The new Federal building (finished in 1905; cost, $4,750,000) is a massive edifice (a low rectangle surmounted by a higher inner See also:

• CROSS

cross and crowned with a See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome) . The public library (1893–1897, $2,125,000), constructed of dark See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite and See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone, with See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich interior decorations of varied frescoes, mosaics, ornamental See also:

• BRONZE

bronze and See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron-work, and mottoes, is one of the handsomest See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries of the country .

The Chicago Art See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute (1892-1803 ; See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian Renaissance), the Chicago See also:

• ORCHESTRA (Fr. Orchestre; Ger. Kapelle, Orchester; Ital. Orchestra)

Orchestra building (1004), and the Commercial National See also:

• BANK

Bank, are also noteworthy . The finest See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence streets are the Lake Shore Drive of the North Side and the " boulevards "—broad parkways that connect the parks of the city—of which Michigan See also:

• AVENUE (the past participle feminine of Fr. avenir, to come to)

Avenue, See also:

• DREXEL, ANTHONY JOSEPH (1826–1893)

Drexel and See also:

• GRAND

Grand are the finest . The city's 1 The highest value ever paid in Chicago for land actually sold, up to 1901, was $25o per sq. ft . (1892) ; a few rental contracts have been based upon an assumed higher value . A municipal See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

ordinance placing the extreme construction at 15o ft. was repealed in 1902 . 2 This is true of all the new large buildings . The "old ' See also:

• POST

post 'office, completed in 188o at a cost of $5,3755,o00, was practically a crumbling ruin within fifteen years; its foundations were inadequate . , Years were spent in sinking the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the new Federal building that replaced the old.environs are not of particular beauty, but there are bluffs on the lake to the north, and See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods to the south-west, and a See also:

• FAIR

fair variety of See also:

• PRETTY

pretty See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill and plain; and though the Calumet and Chicago See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers have been given over to commerce, the valley of the Desplaines will be preserved in the park See also:

• SYSTEM

system . On the South Side are the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union Stockyards, established in 1865, by far the largest in the world . They See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover about 500 acres, have about 45 M. of feeding and watering troughs, and can accommodate at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time more than 400,000 hogs, See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep and horses . Public Works and Communications.—See also:

• LOCAL

Local transit is provided for by the suburban service of the steam See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways, elevated electric roads, and a system of electric surface cars . Two great public works demand See also:

• NOTICE

notice: the water system and the drainage canal .

Water is pumped from Lake Michigan through several tunnels connecting with " cribs " located from 2 to 5 M. from shore . The " cribs " are heavy structures of See also:

• TIMBER

timber and iron loaded with See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone and enclosing the in-take cylinders, which join with the tunnels well below the bottom of the lake . The first See also:

• TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

tunnel was completed in 1867 . The capacity of the tunnels was estimated in 1900 by two very competent authorities at 528 and 615 million gallons daily, respectively . The average daily See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply in 1909 was 475,000,000 gallons; there were then 16.6 m. of tunnels below the lake . The wastes of the city—See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street washings, building sewage, the See also:

• OFFAL

offal of slaughter-houses, and wastes of distilleries and rendering houses—were originally turned into the lake, but before 187o it was discovered that the range of impurity extended already a mile into the lake, See also:

• HALF

half-way to the water " See also:

• CRIB (a word common to some Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch krib and Ger. Krippe; it has a common origin with the O. Eng. " cratch," a manger or crib, cf. Fr. creche)

crib," and it became evident that the lake could not be indefinitely contaminated . The Illinois and Michigan Canal, for which the right of way was granted in 1821 and which was built in 1836–1841 and 184 1848, and opened in 1848 (cost, $6,557,681) ,was once thought to have solved the difficulty; it is connected with the main (See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern) branch of the Chicago river, 5 m. from its mouth, with the Illinois river at La Salle, the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of steamer See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation on the Illinois river, and is the natural successor in the See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution of transportation of the old Chicago See also:

• PORTAGE

portage, z m. in length, between the Chicago river and the headwaters of the See also:

• KANKAKEE

Kankakee; it was so deepened as to draw water out from the lake, whose See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters thus flowed toward the Gulf of See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico . It is about 96 m. long, 40-42 ft. wide, and 4-7 ft. deep, but proved inadequate for the disposal of sewage . A See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of the problem was imperative by 1876, but almost all the wastes of the city continued nevertheless to be poured into the lake . In 1890 a sanitary district, including part of the city and certain suburban areas to be affected, was organized, and preparations made for building a greater canal that should do effectively the work it was once thought the old canal could do . The new drainage canal, one of the greatest sanitary works of the world, constructed between 1892 and 1900 under the control of the trustees of the Sanitary District of Chicago (cost up to 1901, $35,448,291), joins the south branch of the Chicago with the Desplaines river, and so with the Illinois and Mississippi, and is 28.5 M. long,' of which 15 M. were cut through rock; it is 22 ft. deep and has a minimum width of 164 ft . The canal, or See also:

• SEWER

sewer, is flushed with water from Lake Michigan, and its waters are pure within a flow of 150 m.4 Its capacity, which was not at first fully utilized, is 600,000 cub. ft. per See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute, sufficient entirely to renew the water of the Chicago river daily .

A system of intercepting sewers to withdraw drainage into the lake was begun in 1898; and the construction of a canal to drain the Calumet region was begun in 1910 . The Illinois and Michigan canal is used by small See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft, and the new drainage canal also may be used for shipping in view of the Federal government's improvements of the rivers connecting it with the Mississippi for the construction of a See also:

• SHIP

ship-canal for large vessels . The canal also made possible the development (begun in 1903) of enormous Total excavation, 42,397,904 cub. yds . ; of solid rock, 12,265,000 . 4 It has been conclusively proved that the Illinois is purer than the Mississippi at their junction . The undiluted sewage of the old canal drove the See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish from the river, but they have come back since the opening of the new canal . See also:

• HYDRAULIC

hydraulic power for the use of the city . The Illinois and Michigan Canal has been supplemented by the Illinois and Mississippi Canal, commonly known as " the Hennepin," from its starting at the great See also:

• BEND

bend of the Illinois river 1'-h m. above Hennepin, not far below La Salle; the first See also:

• APPROPRIATION (from Lat. appropriare, to set aside)

appropriation for it was made in 189o, and work was begun in 1892 and completed in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1907 . Its course from Hennepin is by the See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau See also:

• CREEK
• CREEK (Mid. Eng. crike or creke, common to many N. European languages)

Creek valley to the mouth of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen river on the Rock river, thence by the Rock river and a canal around its rapids at See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan to its mouth at Rock See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island on the Mississippi river . This See also:

• BARGE (Med. Lat. barca, possibly connected with Lat. baris, Gr. flaps, a boat used on the Nile)

barge canal is 8o ft. wide at water-See also:

• LINE

line, 52 ft. wide at the bottom, and 7 ft. deep . Its main feeder is the Rock river, dammed by a See also:

• DAM

dam nearly 15oo ft. long between See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

Sterling and Rock Falls, Illinois, where the opening of the canal was celebrated on the 24th of October 1907 . Beginning with 1892 steam railways began the elevation (or depression) of their main tracks, of which there were in 1904 some 838 m. within the city .

Another great improvement was begun in 1901 by a private See also:

• TELEPHONE (Gr. rjXs, far, and dxwvr7, voice)

telephone See also:

• COMPANY

company . This is an elaborate system of freight subways, more than 65 m. of which, underlying the entire business district,had been constructed before 1909 . It is the only subway system in the world that seeks to clear the streets by the lessening of trucking, in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of devoting itself to the transportation of passengers . See also:

• DIRECT

Direct connexion is made with the freight stations of all railways and the basements of important business buildings, and coal, building materials, ashes and garbage, railway luggage, heavy See also:

• MAIL

mail and other kinds of heavy freight are expeditiously removed and delivered . See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

Telegraph and telephone wires are carried through the tunnel, and can be readily repaired . The subway was opened for partial operation in 1905.1 Parks.—The park system may be said to have been begun in 1869, and in 1870 aggregated 1887 acres . Chicago then acquired the name of " The See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

Garden City," which still clings to her . But many other cities have later passed her (until in 1904, though the second largest of the country, she ranked only thirty-second in her holdings of park area per capita among American cities of too,000 population) . In 1908 the acreage of the municipal parks was 3179 acres, and there were 61.4 m. of boulevards . After 1900 another See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of ambitious development began . The improvement of old and the creation of new " See also:

• INTERNAL

internal " parks, i.e. within the See also:

• CORDON (a French derivative of corde, cord)

cordon of those older parks and boulevards that once girdled the city but have been surrounded in its later growth; the creation of a huge See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring—similar to that of Boston but vaster (35,000 acres)—of lake bluffs, hills, meadows, forests and river valley; and a great increase of " neighbourhood parks " in the poor districts, are included in the new undertakings . The neighbourhood park, usually located near a school, is almost all-inclusive in its See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision for all comers, from babyhood to maturity, and is open all See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day .

There are sand gardens and wading ponds and swings and day nurseries, gymnasiums, athletic See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields, See also:

• SWIMMING (from " swim," A.S. swimman, the root being common in Teutonic languages)

swimming pools and See also:

• BATHS

baths, See also:

• READING

reading-rooms—generally with branches of the city library —lunch counters, civic club rooms, frequent See also:

• MUSIC

music, See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly halls for theatricals, lectures, concerts, or meetings, See also:

• PENNY (Mid. Eng. peni or peny, from O. Eng. form penig, earlier penning and pending; the word appears in Ger. Pfennig and Du. penning; it has been connected with Du. pand, Ger. Pfand, and Eng. " pawn,". the word meaning a little pledge or token, or with G
• PENNY, GIANFRANCESCO (1488–1528)

penny savings See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks, and in the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter See also:

• SKATING (Dutch schaats, a skate)

skating ponds . These social centres have practically all been created since about 1895 . There are also municipal baths on the lake front and elsewhere . The older parks include several of great size and beauty . See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln Park (area 552 acres), on the lake shore of the North Side, has been much enlarged by an addition reclaimed from the lake . It has fine monuments, conservatories, the only zoological garden in the city, and the collections of the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Sciences . A See also:

• BREAKWATER

breakwater See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage drive connects with a See also:

• BOULEVARD (a Fr. word, earlier boulevart, from Dutch or Ger. Bollwerk, cf. Eng. " bulwark ")

boulevard to Fort See also:

• SHERIDAN
• SHERIDAN, PHILIP HENRY (1831-1888)

Sheridan (27 m.) up the lake . See also:

• JACKSON
• JACKSON, ANDREW (1767-1845)
• JACKSON, CYRIL (1746-1819)
• JACKSON, FREDERICK GEORGE (186o– )
• JACKSON, HELEN MARIA (1831–1885)
• JACKSON, MASON (c. 1820-1903)
• JACKSON, THOMAS (1579-1640)
• JACKSON, THOMAS JONATHAN (1824-1863)
• JACKSON, WILLIAM (1730-1803)

Jackson Park (542 acres), on the lake shore of the South Side, was the main site of the World's 1 The cut was almost entirely through firm clay . It was estimated (1905) that the total freight handled weekly in the business district was nearly 500,000 tons, and the subway was designed to handle this amount when completed . The tunnels are 12•75X 14 and 7.5 X6 ft., all concrete . The cars are See also:

• DRAWN

drawn by trolley See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire loco-motives on a track of 2 ft. See also:

• GAUGE, or GAGE (Med. Lat. gauja, jaugia, Fr. jauge, perhaps connected with Fr. jale, a bowl, galon, gallon)

gauge . Columbian Exposition of 1893, and contains the Field Columbian Museum, occupying the art building of the exposition .

It is joined with See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington Park (371 acres) by the Midway Plaisance, a wide boulevard, intended to be converted into a magnificent sunken water-course connecting the lagoons of the two parks with Lake Michigan . Along the Midway are the See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey-stone buildings of the University of Chicago, and of its (See also:

• BLAINE, JAMES GILLESPIE (1830-1893)

Blaine) School of See also:

• EDUCATION

Education . On the West Side are three fine parks—See also:

• DOUGLAS
• DOUGLAS, GAVIN (1474?-1522)
• DOUGLAS, JOHN (1721—1807.)
• DOUGLAS, SIR CHARLES
• DOUGLAS, SIR HOWARD
• DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD (18,3–1861)

Douglas, See also:

• GARFIELD, JAMES ABRAM (1831-1881)

Garfield (with a fine conservatory), and Humboldt, which has a remarkable See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose garden (respectively 182, 187 and 206 acres), and in the extreme South Side several others, including Calumet (66 acres), by the lake side, and Marquette (322 acres), Jackson Boulevard, Western Avenue Boulevard and Marshall Boulevard join the South and the West Park systems . Neither New York nor Boston has preserved as has Chicago the beauty of its water front . The shore of the North Side is quite free, and beginning a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distance above the river is skirted for almost 30 M. by the Lake Shore Drive, Lincoln Park and the Sheridan Drive . The shore of the South Side is occupied by railway tracks, but they have been sunk and the shore otherwise improved . In addition to Calumet and Jackson parks there was another just below the river, Lake Park, which has since been included in See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

Grant Park, mostly reclaimed from the water . Here are the public library and the building of the Art Institute (opened in 1893); the park had also been See also:

• PRO

pro-posed as the site of a new building for the Field Museum of Natural See also:

• HISTORY

History . The park and boulevards along the lake in 1905 stretched 1o•78 m., within the city limits, or almost half the total frontage.' The inner "boulevards" are broad parked ways, 150 to 300 ft. wide, joining the parks; Chicago was the first American city to adopt this system . Art.—Among the monuments erected in public places are a See also:

• COLUMBUS
• COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER [in Spanish CRISTOBAL COLON] (c. 1446, or perhaps rather 1451, -15o6)

Columbus by D . C . French and a bronze replica of French's equestrian statue of Washington in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris; statues of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John A .

See also:

• LOGAN
• LOGAN, JOHN (1748-1788)
• LOGAN, JOHN (c. 1725-1780)
• LOGAN, JOHN ALEXANDER (1826-1886)
• LOGAN, SIR WILLIAM EDMOND (1798-1875)

Logan and See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham Lincoln by St Gaudens; monuments commemorating the Haymarket See also:

• RIOT (0. Fr. riote, of uncertain etymology)

riot and the Fort Dearborn massacres; statues of General Grant, See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen A . Douglas, La Salle, See also:

• SCHILLER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1759-18o5)

Schiller, Humboldt, See also:

• BEETHOVEN, LUDWIG VAN (1770-1827)

Beethoven and See also:

• LINNAEUS

Linnaeus . There is also a memorial to G . B . See also:

• ARMSTRONG, ARCHIBALD (d. 1672)
• ARMSTRONG, JOHN (1709-1779)
• ARMSTRONG, JOHN (1758—1843)
• ARMSTRONG, SAMUEL CHAPMAN (1839—1893)
• ARMSTRONG, WILLIAM GEORGE ARMSTRONG, BARON (1810—1900)

Armstrong (1822-1871), a See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen of Chicago, who founded the railway mail service of the United States . A city art See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission approves all works of art before they become, the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of the city, and at the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of the See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor acts in various ways for the city's aesthetic See also:

• BETTERMENT (i.e. " making better," as opposed to " worsement ")

betterment . The Architectural Club labours for the same end . A Municipal Art See also:

• LEAGUE

League (organized in 1899) has done good work in arousing civic See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride; it has undertaken, among• other things, See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns against See also:

• BILL

bill-board advertisements,' and against the smoke See also:

• NUISANCE (through Fr. noisance, nuisance, from Lat. nocere, to hurt)

nuisance . The Art Institute of Chicago contains valuable collections of paintings, reproductions of bronzes and See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture, architectural casts, and other See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of art . Connected with it is the largest and most comprehensive art school of the county—including newspaper See also:

• ILLUSTRATION

illustration and a normal school for the training of teachers of See also:

• DRAWING

drawing in the public See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools . The institute was incorporated in 1879, though its beginnings go back to 1866, while the school See also:

• DATES

dates from 1878 . The courses in architecture are given with the co-operation of. the See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

Armour Institute of Technology .

There are also a number