CHICORY  . The chicory or succory plant, Cichorium Intybus (natural See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, See also:

• COMPOSITAE

Compositae), in its See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state is a native of See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, occurring most frequently in dry chalky soils, and by road-sides . It has a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long fleshy tap-See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root, a rigid branching hairy See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem rising to a height of 2 or 3 ft.—the leaves around the See also:

• BASE

base being lobed and toothed, not unlike those of the See also:

• DANDELION (Taraxacum officinale)

dandelion . The See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower heads are of a See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, few in number, and measure nearly an See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch and a See also:

• HALF

half across . Chicory is cultivated much more extensively on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe—in See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium, See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany—than in Great Britain; and as-a cultivated plant it has three distinct applications . Its roots roasted and ground are used as a substitute for, . adulterant of, or addition to See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee; both roots and leaves are employed as salads; and the plant is grown as a See also:

• FODDER

fodder or herbage See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop which is greedily consumed by See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle . In Great Britain it is chiefly in its first capacity, in connexion with coffee, that chicory is employed . A large proportion of the chicory root used for this purpose is obtained from Belgium and other neighbouring See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental countries; but a considerable quantity is cultivated in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, chiefly in See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire . For the preparation of chicory the older stout See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white roots are selected, and after washing they are sliced up into small pieces and See also:

• KILN (0. E. cylene, from the Lat. culina, a kitchen, cooking-stove)

kiln-dried . In this See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition the material is sold to the chicory roaster, by whom it is roasted till it assumes a deep See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown colour; afterwards when ground it is in See also:

• EXTERNAL

external characteristics very like coffee, but is destitute of its pleasing aromatic odour . Neither does the roasted chicory possess any trace of the See also:

• ALKALOID

alkaloid See also:

• CAFFEINE, or THEINE (1.3.7 trimethyl 2 . 6 dioxypurin)

caffeine which gives their See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar virtues to coffee and See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea . The fact, however, that. for over a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years it has been successfully used as a substitute for or recognized addition to coffee, while in the meantime innumerable other substances have been tried for the same purpose and abandoned, indicates that it is agreeable and harmless .

It gives the coffee additional colour, bitterness and See also:

• BODY

body . It is at least in very extensive and See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general use; and in Belgium especially its infusion is largely drunk as an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent beverage . The blanched leaves are much esteemed by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French as a See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter See also:

• SALAD (Med. Lat. salata, salted, pickled, salare, to sprinkle with salt)

salad known by the name of Barbe de capucin . When intended for winter use, chicory is sown in May or See also:

• JUNE

June, commonly in drills, and the See also:

• PLANTS

plants are thinned out to 4 in. apart . If at first the leaves grow very strong, they are cut off, perhaps in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, about an inch from the ground, so as to promote the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of new leaves, and check the formation of flower-stems . About the beginning of See also:

• OCTOBER

October the plants are raised from the border, and all the large leaves cut off; the roots are also shortened, and they are then planted See also:

• PRETTY

pretty closely together in boxes filled with See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• MOULD

mould, and watered when needful . When See also:

• FROST (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch, vorst, Ger. Frost, from the common Teutonic verb meaning " to freeze," Dutch, vriezcn, Ger. frieren; the Indo-European root is seen in Lat. pruina, hoar-frost, cf. prurire, to itch, burn, pruna, burning coal, Sans
• FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD (1810–1877)

frost comes on, the boxes are protected by any See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• LITTER (through O. Fr. litere or litiere, mod. litiere from Med. Lat. lectaria, classical lectica, lectus, bed, couch)

litter and haulm . As the salad is wanted, they are re-moved into some See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place having a moderately increased temperature, and where there is no light . Each See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box affords two crops of blanched leaves, and these are reckoned See also:

• FIT

fit for cutting when about 6 in. long . Another mode of obtaining the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young leaves of this plant in winter is to sow seeds in a See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of light rich mould, or in boxes in a See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat of from 550 to 6o°, giving a See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle watering as required . The leaves will be fit to be cut in a fortnight after See also:

• SOWING (from "to sow," O. Eng. shwan, cf. Du. zaaijen, Ger. saen, &c.; the root is seen in Lat. severe, cf. "seed")

sowing, and the plants will afford a second crop . In Belgium a variety of chicory called Witloef is much preferred as a salad to the French Barbe de capucin .

The seeds are sown and the plants thinned out like those of the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary sort . They are eventually planted in light See also:

• SOIL

soil, in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession, from the end of October to See also:

• FEBRUARY

February, at the bottom of trenches a See also:

• FOOT

foot or more in See also:

• DEPTH

depth, and covered over with from z to 3 ft. of hot See also:

• STABLE

stable manure . In a See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month or six See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks, according to the heat applied, the heads are fit for use and should be cut before they reach the manure . The plants might easily be forced in frames on a mild hot-bed, or in a See also:

• MUSHROOM

mushroom-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, in the same way as See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-kale . In Belgium the fresh roots are boiled and eaten with See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter, and throughout the Continent the roots are stored for use as salads during winter . See also ENDivs (Cichorium endivia) .