See also:

• CHILE, or CHILI (derived, it is said, from the Quichua chin , cold, or tchili, snow)

CHILE, or CHILI (derived, it is said, from the See also:

• QUICHUA

Quichua See also:

• CHIN

chin , See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold, or tchili, See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow)  , a See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICA

America, occupying the narrow western slope of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent between See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru and its See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern extremity . (For See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map see See also:

• ARGENTINA

ARGENTINA.) It extends from the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern boundary of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• TACNA

Tacna, about 17° 25' S., to Cape See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

Horn at the extreme southern point of the Fuegian See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

archipelago in 550 58' 40" S., with an extreme See also:

• MERIDIAN
• MERIDIAN (from the Lat. meridianus, pertaining to the south or mid-day)

meridian length of 2661 m., and with a See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast See also:

• LINE

line considerably exceeding that figure owing to a westward See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve of about 31° and an eastward trend south of 50° S. of nearly 8° . Its mainland width ranges from about 46 to 228 m., and its See also:

• AREA

area, including the islands of the southern coast, is officially computed to be 307,774 sq. m., though the See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha computation (1904) places it at 293,062 sq. in . See also:

• CHILE, or CHILI (derived, it is said, from the Quichua chin , cold, or tchili, snow)

Chile is thus a ribbon-like See also:

• STRIP

strip of territory between the See also:

• ANDES

Andes and the Pacific, comparatively See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of the 42nd parallel, but with an extremely ragged outline south of that line . It is bounded N. by Peru, E. by See also:

• BOLIVIA

Bolivia and Argentina, S. and W. by the Pacific . Its eastern boundary lines are described under ARGENTINA and BOLIVIA . The See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of 1879–81 with Peru and Bolivia gave to Chile 73,993 sq. m. of territory, or one-See also:

• FOURTH

fourth her See also:

• TOTAL

total area . By subsequent agreements the Bolivian See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the Litoral, or See also:

• ATACAMA
• ATACAMA, DESERT OF

Atacama, and the Peruvian department of See also:

• TARAPACA

Tarapaca, were formally ceded to Chile, and the northern frontier was removed to the See also:

• RIVER

river Ca114arones, which enters the Pacific at 19° 12' S . Under the treaty of See also:

• ANCON
• ANCON (from the Gr. ayi ww)

Ancon (loth See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1883) Chile was to retain See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the provinces of Tacna and See also:

• ARICA (SAN MARCOS DE ARICA)

Arica belonging to the Peruvian department of See also:

• MOQUEGUA

Moquegua for a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of ten years, and then submit " to popular See also:

• VOTE

vote whether those territories are to belong to Chile or Peru." At the expiration of the period (1893) Chile evaded compliance with the agreement, and under various pretexts retained forcible possession of the territory . This arbitrary retention of Tacna and Arica, which became the province of Tacna under Chilean See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, removed the frontier still farther north, to the river Sama, which separates that province from the remaining See also:

• PART

part of the Peruvian department of Moquegua . Starting from the mouth of that river, in 17° 57' S., the disputed boundary follows its course in an irregular N.E. direction to its source in the See also:

• ALTO (Ital. for " high ")

Alto do See also:

• TOLEDO
• TOLEDO, COUNCILS OF (Concilia toletana)

Toledo range, thence S. and E. along the See also:

• WATER

water parting to the Bolivian boundary line in the See also:

• CORDILLERA

Cordillera Silillica . Physiography.—For purposes of See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general topographical description Chile may be divided into three regions: the See also:

• DESERT

desert region of the north, the central agricultural region between the provinces of See also:

• COQUIMBO

Coquimbo and See also:

• LLANQUIHUE (pron. fan-ke-wa)

Llanquihue, and the heavily-forested See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy region south of See also:

• LAT

lat .

41° S . The desert region is an elevated arid See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau descending gradually from the Andes towards the coast, where it breaks down abruptly from elevations of 800 to 1500 ft . From the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea this plateau escarpment has the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of a range of See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat topped hills closely following the coast line . The See also:

• SURFACE

surface is made up of extensive plains covered with See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand and deposits of alkaline salts, broken by ranges of barren hills having the appearance of spurs from the Andes, and by irregular lateral ranges in the vicinity of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main cordillera enclosing elevated saline plateaus . This region is rainless, barren and inhospitable, absolutely destitute of vegetation except in some small river valleys where See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation is possible, and on the slopes of some of the See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-covered peaks where the water from the melting snows nourishes a scanty and coarse vege-tation before it disappears in the thirsty sands . It is very See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in See also:

• MINERAL

mineral and saline deposits, however . The eastern parts of this region See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie within the higher ranges of the Andes and include a large See also:

• DISTRICT

district awarded to Chile in 1899 (see ARGENTINA and ATACAMA) . This arid, See also:

• BLEAK, or BLICK (Alburnus lucidus)

bleak area is apparently a continuation southward of the See also:

• GREAT

great Bolivian altaplanicie, and is known as the Puna de Atacama . Its See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation is estimated at 11,000 to 12,000 ft . A line of volcanoes crosses it from north to south, and extensive See also:

• LAVA

lava beds See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover a considerable part of its surface . Large shallow saline lakes are also characteristic features of this region . From 28° S. the spurs from the cordillera toward the coast are more sharply defined and enclose deeper valleys, where the cultivation of the See also:

• SOIL

soil becomes possible, at first through irrigation and then with the aid of See also:

• LIGHT

light periodical rains .

The slopes of the Andes are precipitous, the general surface is rough, and in the north the higher ground and coast are still barren . Beginning with the province of See also:

• ACONCAGUA

Aconcagua the coast elevations crystallize into a range of mountains, the Cordillera Maritima, which follows the See also:

• SHORE

shore line south to the province of Llanquihue, and is continued still farther south by the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain range of Chiloe and the islands of the western coast, which are the peaks of a submerged mountain See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain . Lying between this coast range and the Andes is a broad valley, or See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, extending from the Aconcagua river south to the Gulf of Ancud, a distance slightly over 62o m. with an average width of about 6o m . It is sometimes called the " Vale of Chile," and is the richest and most thickly-populated part of the republic . It is a highly fertile region, is well watered by numerous streams from the Andes, has a moderate See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain-fall, and forms an agricultural and grazing region of great productiveness . It slopes toward the south, and its See also:

• LOWER

lower levels are filled with lakes and with depressions where lakes formerly existed . It is an alluvial plain for the greater part, but contains some sandy tracts, as in See also:

• RUBLE

ruble and See also:

• ARAUCO

Arauco; in the north very little natural See also:

• FOREST

forest is found except in the valleys and on the slopes of the enclosing mountain ranges, but in the south, where the rainfall is heavier, the plain is well covered with forest . South of 41 ° S. the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country is mountainous, heavily-forested and inhospitable . There are only a few scattered settlements within its See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders, and a few nomadic tribes of savages eke out a miserable existence on the coast . The deeply-indented coast line is filled with islands which preserve the general outline of the continent southward to the Fuegian archipelago, the outside See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups forming a continuation of the Cordillera Maritima . The heavy and continuous rainfall throughout this region, especially in the See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude of Chiloe, gives rise to a large number of See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers and lakes . Farther south this excessive precipitation is in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of snow in the Cordilleras, forming glaciers at a comparatively See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low level which in places See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge into the inlets and bays of the sea .

The extreme southern part of this region extends eastward to the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic entrance to the Straits of See also:

• MAGELLAN, FERDINAND (in Sp. FERNANDO MAGALLANES, in Port. FERNAO DE MAGALHAES) (c. 1480-152I)

Magellan, and includes the greater part of the large See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of Tierra del Fuego with all the islands lying south and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of it . There are some comparatively level stretches of country immediately north of the Straits, partly forested and partly grassy plains, where See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep farming has been established with some degree of success, but the greater part of this extreme southern territory is mountainous, See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold, wet and inhospitable . The perpetual snow-line here descends to 3500 to 4000 ft. above sea-level, and the forest growth does not rise above an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of loon to 1500 ft . It has been officially estimated that the arable lands of Chile comprise about twenty-five millions of acres (slightly over 39,000 sq m.), or very nearly one-eighth of its total area . Moantalns . The desert regions of the north include comparatively large areas of plains and gently sloping surfaces, traversed by ranges of barren hills . The See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of the republic, probably more than three-fifths of its surface, is extremely mountainous . The western slopes of the Andes, with its spurs and lateral ranges, cover a broad See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone on the eastern See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the republic, and the Cordillera Maritima covers another broad See also:

• ACNE

acne on its western side from about lat . 33° to the southern extremity of Chiloe, or below lat . 43° . This maritime range is traversed by several river valleys, some of which, like the Bio-Bio, are broad and have so See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle a slope as to be navigable . The Andes, however, See also:

• PRESENT

present an unbroken barrier on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, except at a few points in the south where the general elevation is not over 5000 to 6eoo ft., and where some of the Chilean rivers, as the Palena and See also:

• LAS

Las Heras, have their See also:

• SOURCES

sources on its eastern side .

From the 52nd to about the 31st parallel this great mountain See also:

• SYSTEM

system, known locally as the Cordillera de los Andes, apparently consists of a single chain, though in reality it includes See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short lateral ranges at several points; continuing northward several parallel ranges.appear on the See also:

• ARGENTINE

Argentine side and one on the Chilean side which are ultimately merged in the great Bolivian plateau . The Chilean lateral range, which extends from the 29th to the 19th See also:

• PARALLELS

parallels, traverses an elevated desert region and possesses several noteworthy peaks, among which are Cerro Bolson, 16,017 ft., and Cerro Dona Ines, 16,706 ft . It is broken to some extent in See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the province of See also:

• ANTOFAGASTA

Antofagasta, the southern See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division being known as the Sierra de Huatacondo . At the southern frontier of Bolivia the main chain, which has served as the boundary line between Argentina and Chile, divides into two great ranges, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal one continuing almost due north along the eastern side of the great Bolivian alta-planicie, and the other forming its western rim, where See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

GEOGRAPHY] it is known as the Cordillera Silillica, and then following the trend of the coast north-westward into Peru becomes the Cordillera Occidental . The western slopes of the Andes are precipitous, with short spurs enclosing deep valleys . The whole system is volcanic, and a considerable number of volcanoes are still intermittently active, noticeably in central and southern Chile . The culminating point of the Chilean Andes is Aconcagua, which rises to a height of 23,097 ft . In southern Chile the coast is highly mountainous, but the relation of these elevations to the Andes has not been clearly determined . The highest of these apparently detached groups are Mt . See also:

• MACE (Fr. masse, O. Fr. mace, connected with Lat.'ntateola, a mallet)

Mace (lat . 8S.), 9711 ft., and Mt . Arenales (about 47° S. lat.), 11,286 ft .

See also:

• CATHEDRAL

Cathedral See also:

• PEAK, THE

Peak on See also:

• WELLINGTON
• WELLINGTON, ARTHUR WELLESLEY, 1ST DUKE OF (1769-1852)

Wellington Island rises to a height of 3838 ft. and the highest point on Taytao See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula to 3937 ft . The coast range of central Chile has no noteworthy elevations, the culminating point in the province of See also:

• SANTIAGO, or SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Santiago being 7316 ft . Between central Chile and the northern desert region there is a highly mountainous district where distinct ranges or elongated spurs See also:

• CROSS

cross the republic from the Andes to the coast, forming transverse valleys of great beauty and fertility . The most famous of these is the " Vale of See also:

• QUILLOTA

Quillota " between See also:

• VALPARAISO

Valparaiso and Santiago . The Chilean Andes between Tacna and See also:

• VALDIVIA

Valdivia are crossed by 24 passes, the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of them at elevations exceeding 1o,000 ft . The best-known of these is the Uspallata pass between Santiago and the Argentine See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• MENDOZA
• MENDOZA, ANTONIO HURTADO DE (1593?-1644)
• MENDOZA, DIEGO HURTADO DE (1503-1575)
• MENDOZA, PEDRO GONZALEZ DE (1428-1495)

Mendoza, 12,870 ft. above: sea-level . The passes of central and southern Chile are used only in the summer See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season, but those of northern Chile are open throughout the whole See also:

• YEAR

year . The volcanic origin of the Andes and their comparatively See also:

• RECENT

recent elevation still subject Chile, in See also:

• COMMON

common with other parts of the western coast region, to frequent volcanic and seismic disturbances . In some instances since See also:

• EUROPEAN

European occupation, violent See also:

• EARTHQUAKE

earthquake shocks have resulted in considerable elevations of certain parts of the coast . After the great earthquake of 1835 See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• FITZROY
• FITZROY, ROBERT (1805-1865)

FitzRoy (1805–1865) of H.M.S . " Beagle " found putrid See also:

• MUSSEL (0. Eng. muscle, Lat. musculus, diminutive of mus, mouse, applied to small sea fish and mussels)

mussel-shells still adhering to the rocks to ft. above high water on the island of See also:

• SANTA

Santa Maria, 30 M. from See also:

• CONCEPCION
• CONCEPCION, or VILLA CONCEPCION

Concepcion, and See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• DARWIN, CHARLES ROBERT (1809-1882)
• DARWIN, ERASMUS (1731-1802)

Darwin declares, in describing that disaster, that " there can be no doubt that the See also:

• LAND

land See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

• BAY

bay of Concepcion was upraised two or three feet." These upheavals, however, are not always permanent, the upraised land sometimes settling back to its former position . This happened on the island of Santa Maria after 1835 .

The existence of sea-shells at elevations of 350 to 1300 ft. in other parts of the republic shows that these forces, supplemented by a See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual uplifting of the coast, have been in operation through See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long periods of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time and that the greater part of central and southern Chile has been raised from the sea in this way . These earthquake shocks have two distinct characteristics, a slight vibration, sometimes almost imperceptible, called a temblor, generally occurring at frequent intervals, and a violent See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal or rotary vibration, or See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion, also repeated at frequent intervals, called a terremoto, which is caused by a fracture or displacement of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth's strata at some particular point, and often results in considerable damage . When the earthquake occurs on the coast, or beneath the sea in its vicinity, tidal waves are sometimes formed, which cause even greater damage than the earthquake itself . Arica has been three times destroyed by tidal waves, and other small towns of the north Chilean coast have suffered similar disasters . Coquimbo was swept by a tidal See also:

• WAVE

wave in 1849, and Concepcion and See also:

• TALCAHUANO, or TALCAGUANO

Talcahuano were similarly destroyed in 1835 . The great earth-quake which partially destroyed Valparaiso in 1906, however, was not followed by a tidal wave . These violent shocks are usually limited to comparatively small districts, though the vibrations may be See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt at long distances from the centre of disturbance . In this respect Chile may be divided into at least four great earthquake areas, two in the desert region, the third enclosing Valparaiso, and the fourth extending from Concepcion to Chiloe . A study of Chilean earthquake phenomena, however, would probably See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to a division of southern Chile into two or more distinct earthquake areas . The coast of Chile is fringed with an extraordinary number of islands extending from Chiloe S. to Cape Horn, the grouping of which Coast. shows that they are in part the summits of a submerged mountain chain, a continuation southward of the Cordillera Maritima . Three groups of these islands, called the Chiloe, Guaytecas and Chonos archipelagoes, lie N. of the Taytao peninsula (lat . 450 50' to 46° 55' S.), and with the mainland to the E. form the province of Chiloe .

The largest of these is the island of Chiloe, which is inhabited . Some of the smaller islands of these groups are also inhabited, though the excessive rainfall of these latitudes and the violent See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly storms render them highly unfavourable for human occupation . Some of the smallest islands are barren rocks, but the majority of them are covered with forests . These archipelagoes are separated from the mainland in the north by the gulfs of Chacao (or Ancud) and Corcovado, 30 to 35 M. wide, which appear to be a submerged part of the great central valley of Chile, and farther south by the narrower Moraleda channel, which terminates southward in a confusing network of passages between the mainland and the islands of the Chonos See also:

• GROUP

group . One of the narrow parts of the Chilean mainland is to be found opposite the upper islands of this group, where the accidental juxtaposition of Magdalena island, which in-dents the continent over See also:

• HALF

half a degree at this point, and the See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• FONTANA, DOMENICO (1543-1607)
• FONTANA, LAVINIA (1552-1614)
• FONTANA, PROSPERO (1512-1597)

Fontana, which gives the Argentine boundary a sharp143 See also:

• WEDGE (O. Eng. wecg, a mass of metal, cognate with Dutch wig, wigge, Dan. vaegge, &c.; in Lith. the cognate form outside Teut. is found in wagis, a peg, spigot; there is no connexion with " weigh," " weight," which must be referred to the root wegh, to li

wedge-shaped See also:

• PROJECTION

projection westward, narrows the distance between the two to about 26 m . The Taytao peninsula, incorrectly called the Tres Montes on some maps, is a westward projection of the mainland, with which it is connected by the narrow See also:

• ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

isthmus of Ofqui, over which the natives and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early missionaries were accustomed to carry their boats between the Moraleda Channel and Gulf of Penas . A short See also:

• SHIP

ship See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal here would give an uninterrupted and protected inside passage from Chacao Channel all the way to the Straits of Magellan, a distance of over 760 m . A southern incurving projection of the See also:

• OUTER

outer shore-line of this peninsula is known as Tres Montes peninsula, the most southern point of which is a cape of the same name . Below the Taytao peninsula is the broad open Gulf of Penas, which carries the coast-line eastward fully See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo m. and is noticeably See also:

• FREE

free from islands . The northern entrance to Messier Channel is through this gulf . Messier, See also:

• PITT, THOMAS (1653-1726)
• PITT, WILLIAM (1759-1806)

Pitt, Sarmiento and See also:

• SMYTH (or SMITH), JOHN (c. 1570-1612)
• SMYTH (or SMITH), WILLIAM (c. 1460-1514)
• SMYTH, CHARLES
• SMYTH, SIR WARINGTON WILKINSON (1817-1890)

Smyth's Channels, which form a comparatively safe and remarkably picturesque inside route for small steamers, about 338 m. in length, See also:

• SEPARATE

separate another See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of archipelagoes from the mainland . These channels are in places narrow and tortuous .

Among the islands which thickly fringe this part of the coast, the largest are Azopardo (lying within See also:

• BAKER, HENRY (1698-1774)
• BAKER, SIR BENJAMIN (1840-1907)
• BAKER, SIR RICHARD (1568-1644/5)
• BAKER, SIR SAMUEL WHITE (1821-1893)
• BAKER, THOMAS (1656-1740)
• BAKER, VALENTINE [BAKER PASHA] (1827-1887)

Baker Inlet), See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry, Campana, Little Wellington, Great Wellington and Mornington (of the Wellington archipelago), Madre de Dios, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, See also:

• CHATHAM
• CHATHAM, WILLIAM PITT

Chatham, See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover, See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, Contreras, See also:

• RENNELL, JAMES (1742-1830)

Rennell and the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• ADELAIDE
• ADELAIDE (Ger. Adelheid) (931-999)

Adelaide group of small barren rocks and islands lying immediately north of the Pacific entrance to the Straits of Magellan . The large number of See also:

• ENGLISH

English names on this coast is due to the fact that the earliest detailed survey of this region was made by English See also:

• NAVAL

naval See also:

• OFFICERS

officers; the charts prepared from their surveys are still in use and form the basis of all subsequent maps . None of these islands is inhabited, although some of them are of large See also:

• SIZE

size, the largest (Great Welling-ton) being about loo m. long . It has likewise been determined, since the boundary dispute with Argentina called See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to these territories and led to their careful exploration at the points in dispute, that Skyring Water, in lat . 53° S., opens westward into the Gulf of Xaultegua, which transforms See also:

• PONSONBY, JOHN (1713-1789)

Ponsonby Land and See also:

• CORDOBA
• CORDOBA, GONZALO FERNANDEZ DE (1453–15.15)

Cordoba '(or See also:

• CROKER, JOHN WILSON (1780-1857)
• CROKER, RICHARD (1843– )
• CROKER, THOMAS CROFTON (1798-1854)

Croker) peninsula into an island, to which the name of Riesco has been given . The existence of such a channel was considered probable when these inland See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters were first explored in 1829 by Captain FitzRoy, but it was not discovered and surveyed until three-quarters of a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century had elapsed . Belonging to the Fuegian group south of the Straits of Magellan are Desolation, Santa Ines, See also:

• CLARENCE, DUKES OF

Clarence, See also:

• DAWSON, GEORGE (1821-1876)
• DAWSON, SIR JOHN WILLIAM (1820-1899)

Dawson, See also:

• LONDONDERRY
• LONDONDERRY, CHARLES WILLIAM STEWART (VANE), 3RD MARQUESS
• LONDONDERRY, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• LONDONDERRY, or DERRY
• LONDONDERRY, ROBERT STEWART, 2ND MARQUESS OF (1769-1822)

Londonderry, See also:

• HOSTE, SIR WILLIAM (178o-1828)

Hoste, Navarin and See also:

• WOLLASTON, WILLIAM (1659--1724)
• WOLLASTON, WILLIAM HYDE (1766-1828)

Wollaston islands, with innumerable smaller islands and rocks fringing their shores and filling the channels between them . Admirable descriptions of this inhospitable region, the farthest south of the inhabited parts of the globe, may be found in the Narrative of the See also:

• SURVEYING

Surveying Voyages of His See also:

• MAJESTY (Fr. majeste; Lat. majestas, grandeur, greatness, from the base mag-, as in magnus, great, major, greater, &c.)

Majesty's See also:

• SHIPS

Ships "See also:

• ADVENTURE (from Lat. res adventura, a thing about to happen)

Adventure" and "Beagle" between the years 2826 and 1836 (3 vols., 1839) . The western and -larger part of Tierra del Fuego (q.v.) belongs to Chile . About 63 m . S.W. of Cape Horn, in lat . 56 25' S., is the Diego Ramirez group of small, rocky islands, the most southern possession of the republic .

Its westernmost possessions are See also:

• SALA, GEORGE AUGUSTUS HENRY (1828-1895)

Sala-y-See also:

• GOMEZ, DIOGO (DIEGO) (ff. 1440-1482)

Gomez and See also:

• EASTER

Easter islands, the former in about 27° S., 105° W., and the latter, the easternmost inhabited Polynesian island, in 27° 6' S., 109° 17' W . Much nearer the Chilean coast (396 m.), lying between the 33rd and 34th parallels, are the three islands of the Juan See also:

• FERNANDEZ, ALVARO
• FERNANDEZ, DIEGO
• FERNANDEZ, JOHN (Joao, Joam)
• FERNANDEZ, JUAN (fl. c. 1570)
• FERNANDEZ, LUCAS

Fernandez group, and rising apparently from the same submerged plateau about 500 M. farther north of the latter are the rocky islets of See also:

• SAN

San Ambrosio and San See also:

• FELIX
• FELIX, ANTONIUS
• FELIX, LIA (1830– )

Felix, all belonging to Chile . North of Chiloe there are few islands in See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close proximity to the coast . The more important of these are La Mocha, off the southern coast of Arauco, in lat . 38° 2o' S., which is 8 m. long and rises to an elevation of 1240 ft. above the sea; Santa Maria, 30 M. south-west of Concepci6n, which partially encloses the Bay of Arauco and is well cultivated; and Quiriquina, lying off the See also:

• PORT

port of Talcahuano in the entrance to Concepcion bay . There are a few barren islands on the desert coast, the largest of which are between Coquimbo and Caldera . Since the removal of their See also:

• GUANO (a Spanish word from the Peruvian huanu, dung)

guano deposits they have become practically worthless, except where they serve to shelter anchorages . ' The coast of northern and central Chile is singularly deficient in See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good harbours . Those of the desert region are only slight indentations in a remarkably See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform coast-line, sheltered on Harbours. one side by a point of land, or small island . The landings are generally dangerous because of the surf, and the anchorages are unsafe from storms on the unprotected side . Among the most frequented of these are Valparaiso, Coquimbo, Caldera, See also:

• IQUIQUE

Iquique and Arica . There are some small harbours for See also:

• COASTING

coasting vessels of light See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught along the coast of central Chile, usually at the partially obstructed mouths of the larger rivers, as San See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio near the mouth of the Maipe, Constitucien at the mouth of the See also:

• MAULE

Maule, and Llico on the outlet of Lake Vichuquen, but there is no See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour of importance until Concepcion (or Talcahuano) Bay is reached .

There are three harbours on this bay, El Tome, Penco and Talcahuano (q.v.), the last being the largest and best-protected port on the inhabited part of the Chilean coast . Immediately south of this bay is the large Bay of Arauco, into which the Bio-Bio river discharges, and on which, sheltered 'by the island of Santa Maria, are the ports of Coronet and Lota . The next important harbour is that of El See also:

• CORRAL (Span. from corro, a circle)

Corral, at the mouth of the Valdivia river and 15 m. below the city of Valdivia . The Bay of San See also:

• CARLOS, DON (1545-1568)
• CARLOS, DON (1788-1855)
• CARLOS, DON (CHARLES MARIA DE LOS DOLORES JUAN ISIDOR.E JOSEPH FRANCIS QUIRIN ANTONY MICHAEL GABRIEL RAPHAEL) (1848—1909)

Carlos on the northern coast of Chiloe, which opens upon the narrow Chacao channel, has the port -f Ancud, or San Carlos, and is rated an excellent harbour for vessels of light and See also:

• MEDIUM

medium draught . Inside the island of Chiloe the large gulfs of Chacao (or Ancud) and Corcovado are well protected from :he severe westerly storms of these latitudes, but they are little used because the approach through the Chacao channel is tortuous and only 2 to 3 M. wide, and the two gulfs, though over 30 M. wide and i co m. long, are beset with small rocky islands . At the north end of the first is the Reloncavi, a large and nearly landlocked bay, on which stands Puerto See also:

• MONTT, MANUEL (1809-1880)

Montt, the southern See also:

• TERMINUS

terminus of the Chilean central railway . The large Gulf of Penas, south of Taytao peninsula, is open to the westerly storms of the Pacific, but it affords entrance to several natural harbours . Among these are the Gulfs of Tres Montes and San Estevan, and See also:

• TARN
• TARN (O. Eng. tame, Scand. tjarn, tjdrn, horn, &c.)

Tarn Bay at the entrance to Messier Channel . The next 300 M. of the Chilean coast contain numerous bays and inlets affording safe harbours, but the mainland and islands are uninhabited and the See also:

• CLIMATE

climate inhospitable . Behind Rennell Island in lat . 52° S., however, is a See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of navigable estuaries which penetrate inland nearly to the Argentine frontier . The central part of this group of estuaries is called See also:

• WORSLEY
• WORSLEY, PHILIP STANHOPE (1835-1866)

Worsley See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

Sound, and the last and farthest inland of its arms is Last See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

Hope Inlet (Ultima Esperanza), on which is situated the Chilean agricultural See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of Puerto Consuelo .

The Straits of Magellan, about 36o m. in length, lie wholly within Chilean territory . Midway of them is situated Punta Arenas, the most southern See also:

• TOWN

town and port of the republic . Except in the extreme south the See also:

• HYDROGRAPHY (.Gr. 6&,p, water, and cypfidiecv, to write)

hydrography of Chile is of the simplest description, all the larger rivers having their sources in the Rivers, Andes and flowing westward to the Pacific . Their courses are necessarily short, and only a few have navigable channels, the aggregate length of which is only 705 M . Nearly all rivers in the desert region are lost in the sands long before reaching the coast . Their waterless channels are interesting, however, as See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of a time when climatological conditions on this coast were different . The principal See also:

• DIVERS

Divers of this region are Sama (which forms the provisional boundary line with Peru), Tacna, Camarones, Loa, Copiapo, Huasco, Elqui, Limari and Choapa . The Loa is the largest, having its sources on the slopes of the Cordillera south of the Minho See also:

• VOLCANO

volcano, between 21° and 21 ° 30' S. lat., and flowing south on an elevated plateau to Chiuchiu, and thence west and north in a great curve to Quillaga, whence its dry channel turns westward again and reaches the Pacific in lat . 21 ° 28' S., a few See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles south of the small port of Huanillos . Its total length is estimated at 250 M . The upper courses of the river are at a considerable elevation above the sea and receive a large See also:

• VOLUME

volume of water from the Cordilleras . The water of its upper course and tributaries is sweet, and is conducted across the desert in pipes to some of the coast towns, but in its lower course, as in all the rivers of this region, it becomes brackish .

The Copiapo, which once discharged into the sea, is now practically exhausted in irrigating a small fertile valley in which stands the city of that name . The Copiapo and Huasco have comparatively short courses, but they receive a considerable volume of water from the higher sierras . The latter is also used to irrigate a small, cultivated valley . The rivers of the province of Coquimbo—the Elqui or Coquimbo, Limari and Choapa—exist under less arid conditions, and like those of the province of Aconcagua—the Ligua and Aconcagua—are used to irrigate a much larger area of cultivated territory . The central agricultural provinces are traversed by several important rivers, all of them rising on the western slopes of the snow-clad Andes and breaking through the lower coast range to the Pacific after being extensively used to irrigate the great central valley of Chile . These are the Maipo (Maypo or Maipu), Rapel, Mataquito, Maule, Itata, Bio-Bio, Imperial, Tolten, Valdivia or Calle-Calle, Bueno and Maullin . With the exception of the first three, these rivers have short navigable channels, but they are open only to vessels of light draught because of sand-bars at their mouths . The largest is the Bio-Bio, which has a total length of 220 m., 100 of which are navigable . These rivers have been of great service in the agricultural development of this part of Chile, affording means of transportation where See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways and highways were entirely lacking . Some of the larger tributaries of these rivers, whose economic value has been equally great, are the Mapocho, which flows through Santiago and enters the Maipo from the north; the turbulent Cachapoal, which joins the Rapel from the north; the Claro, which waters an extensive part of the province of See also:

• TALCA

Talca and enters the Maule from the north; the Ruble, which rises in the higher Andes north of the peaks of Chillan and flows entirely across the province of Nuble to join the Itata on its western frontier; the Laja, which rises in a lake of the same name near the Argentine frontier in about lat . 35° 30' S. and flows almost due west to the Bio-Bio; and the See also:

• CAUTIN

Cautin, which rises in the north-east corner of Cautin and after a tortuous course westward nearly across that province forms the principal confluent of the Imperial . The unsettled southern regions of Chiloe (mainland) and See also:

• MAGALLANES (Spanish form of Magellan)

Magallanes are traversed by a number of important rivers which have been only partially explored .

They have their sources in the Andes, some of them on the eastern side of the line of highest summits . The Puelo has its origin in a lake of the same name in Argentine territory, and flows north-west through the Cordilleras into an See also:

• ESTUARY (from the Lat. aestuarium, a place reached by aestus, the tide)

estuary (Reloncavi Inlet) of the Gulf of Reloncavi at the northern end of the Gulf of Chacao . Its lowercourse is impeded in such a manner as to form three small lakes, called See also:

• SUPERIOR

Superior, Inferior and Taguatagua . A large northern tributary of the Puelo, the Manso, has its sources in Lake Mascardi and other lakes and streams south-east of the Cerro Tronador, also in Argentina, and flows south-west through the Cordilleras to unite with the Puelo a few miles west of the 72nd meridian . The Reloncavi Inlet also receives the outflow of Lake Todos los See also:

• SANTOS

Santos through a short tortuous stream called the Petrohue . The Comau Inlet and river form the boundary line between the provinces of Llanquihue and Chiloe, and See also:

• TRAVERSE

traverse a densely wooded country in a north-westerly direction from the Andes to the north-eastern shore of the Gulf of Chacao . Continuing southward, the Yelcho is the next important river to traverse this region . It drains a large area of Argentine territory, where it is called the Rio Fetaleuf u or Fetalauquen, its principal source being a large lake of the same name . It flows south-west through the Andes, and then north-west through Lake Yelcho to the Gulf of Corcovado . The Argentine colony of the 16th of October, settled principally by Welshmen from See also:

• CHUBUT

Chubut, is located on some of the upper tributaries of this river, in about lat . 43° S . The Palena is another river of the same See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, having its source in a large frontier lake called General Paz and flowing for some distance through Argentine territory before crossing into Chile .

It receives one large tributary from the south, the Rio See also:

• PICO

Pico, and enters an estuary of the Gulf of Corcovado a little north of the 44th parallel . The Frias is wholly a Chilean river, draining an extensive Andean region between the 44th and 45th parallels and discharging into the Puyuguapi channel, which separates Magdalena island from the mainland . The Aisen also has its source in Argentine territory near the 46th parallel, and drains a mountainous region as far north as the 45th parallel, receiving numerous tributaries, and discharging a large volume of water into the Moraleda channel in about lat . 45° 20 S . The lower course of this river is essentially an inlet, and is navigable for a short distance . The next large river is the Las Heras, or Baker, through which the waters of Lakes Buenos Aires and Pueyrredon, or Cochrane, find their way to the Pacific . Both of these large lakes are crossed by the boundary line . The Las Heras discharges into Martinez Inlet, the northern part of a large estuary called Baker or Calen Inlet which penetrates the mainland about 75 M. and opens into Tarn Bay at the south-east corner of the Gulf of Penas . Azopardo (or See also:

• MERINO

Merino Jarpa) island lies wholly within this great estuary, while at its mouth lies a group of smaller islands, called Baker Islands, which separate it from Messier Channel . The course of the Las Heras from Lake Buenos Aires is south and south-west, the short range of mountains in which are found the Cerros San Valentin and Arenales forcing it southward for an outlet . Baker Inlet also receives the waters of still another large Argentine-Chilean lake, San See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin, whose far-reaching See also:

• FJORD, or FIORD

fjord-like arms extend from lat . 49° I0' to 48° 20' S.; its north-west See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm drains into the See also:

• TORO

Toro, or La Pascua, river .

Lake San Martin lies in a crooked deeply cut passage through the Andes, and the See also:

• DIVIDE

divide between its southern extremity (See also:

• LAGUNA, or LA LAGUNA

Laguna See also:

• TAR

Tar) and Lake Viedma, which discharges through the Santa Cruz river into the Atlantic, is-so slight as to See also:

• WARRANT (Med. Lat. warantum; O. Fr. garant, warant, derived from O.H.G. root represented in modern German bygewdhren)

warrant the See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis that this was once a strait between the two oceans . After a short north-westerly course the Toro discharges into Baker Inlet ir. lat . 48° 15' S., long . 73° 24' W . South of the Toro there are no large rivers on this coast, but the narrow fjords penetrate deeply into the mountains and bring away the drainage of their snow-capped, See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm-swept elevations . A See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar network of fjords and connecting channels terminating inland in a peculiarly shaped See also:

• BODY

body of water with long, widely branching arms, called Worsley Sound, Obstruction Sound and Last Hope Inlet, covers an extensive area between the 51st and 53rd parallels, and extends nearly to the Argentine frontier . It has the characteristics of a tidewater river and drains an extensive region . The sources of the Argentine river Coile are to be found among the lakes and streams of this same region, within Chilean territory . A noteworthy peculiarity of southern Chile, from the Taytao peninsula (about 46° so' Si lat.) to Tierra del Fuego, is the large number of glaciers formed on the western and southern slopes of the Cordilleras and other high elevations, which discharge See also:

• DIRECT

direct into these deeply cut estuaries . Some of the larger lakes of the Andes have glaciers discharging into them . The formation of these icy streams at comparatively low levels, with their discharge direct into tidewater estuaries, is a phenomenon not to be found elsewhere in the same latitudes . The lakes of Chile are numerous and important, but they are found chiefly in the southern half of the republic .

In the north the only lakes are large lagoons, or morasses, on the upper Lakes. saline plateaus between the 23rd and 28th parallels . They are fed from the melting snows and periodical storms of the higher Andes, and most of them are completely dry part of the year . Their waters are saturated with saline compounds, which in some cases. have considerable commercial value . In central Chile above the io-Bio river the lakes are small and have no See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical See also:

• INTEREST

interest, with the exception perhaps of the Laguna del Maule, in 36' 7' S., and Laguna de la Laja, in 37° 20' ,which lie in the Andes near the Argentine frontier and are sources of the two rivers of the same names . Below the Bio-Bio river there is a line of large picturesque lakes extending from the province of Cautin, south through that of Llanquihue, corresponding in character and position to the dry lacustrine depressions extending northward in the same valley . They lie on the eastern side near the Cordilleras, and serve the purpose of great reservoirs for the excessive precipitation of rain and snow on their western slopes . With one exception they all drain westward into the Pacific through short and partly navigable rivers, and some of the lakes are also utilized for steamship See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation . These lakes are Villarica on the southern frontier of Cautin, Rinihue and Ranco in Valdivia, and Puyehue, Rupanco, Llanquihue and Todos los Santos in Llanquihue . The largest of the number are Lakes Ranco and Llanquihue, the former with an estimated area of 200 sq. m. and the latter of 300 sq. m . Lake Todos los Santos is situated well within the Andean foothills north-east of Puerto Montt and at an elevation of 509 ft., considerably above that of the other lakes, Lake Ranco being 230 ft. above sea-level . The great Andean lakes of General Paz (near the 44th parallel), Buenos Aires (in lat . 46° 30' S.), Pueyrredon, or Cochrane (470 15' S.) and San Martin (49° S.), lie partly within Chilean territory .

In the extreme south are Lagoa Blanca, a large fresh-water lake in lat . 52° 30' S., and two large inland See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt-water sounds, or lagoons, called See also:

• OTWAY, THOMAS (1652-1685)

Otway Water and Skyring Water, connected by FitzRoy Passage . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—Chile may be divided longitudinally into two regions which differ from each other in their See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological structure . Along the coast lies a See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite and schist overlaid unconformably by Cretaceous and See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary deposits; inland the mountains are formed chiefly of folded Mesozoic beds, together with volcanic rocks of later date . The great See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal valley of Chile runs approximately, but only approximately, along the boundary between the two zones . Towards the north the coastal zone disappears beneath the sea and the Andean zone reaches to the shore . The See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient rocks which form the most characteristic feature of the former do indeed occur upon the coast of Peru, but in the north of Chile they are found only in isolated masses See also:

• STANDING

standing close to the shore or, as at Mejillones, projecting into the sea . South of Antofagasta the old rocks form a nearly continuous See also:

• BAND

band along the coast, extending as far as Cape Horn and Staten Island, and occupying the greater part of the islands of southern Chile . Lithologically they are crystalline See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists, together with granite, See also:

• DIORITE (from the Gr. S&oi4eiv to distinguish, from hA through, Epos, a boundary)

diorite, See also:

• GABBRO

gabbro and other igneous rocks . They are known to be pre-See also:

• JURASSIC

Jurassic, but whether they are Palaeozoic or Archaean is uncertain . They are strongly folded and are overlaid unconformably by Cretaceous and Tertiary deposits . In the north both the Cretaceous and Tertiary beds of this zone are limited in extent, but towards the south Mesozoic beds, which are at least in part Cretaceous, form a band of considerable width .

The Tertiary beds include both marine and terrestrial deposits, and appear to be chiefly of See also:

• MIOCENE

Miocene and See also:

• PLIOCENE (from the Gr. sr?eiov, mere, and xatvbs, recent)

Pliocene See also: