See also:

• CHIMERE (Lat. chimera, chimaera; O. Fr. chamarre, Mod. Fr. simarre; Ital. zimarra; cf. Span. zimarra, a sheepskin coat; possibly derived ultimately from Gr. xei,u pros, " wintry," i.e. a winter overcoat)

CHIMERE (See also:

• LAT

Lat. chimera, See also:

• CHIMAERA

chimaera; O. Fr. chamarre, Mod. Fr. simarre; Ital. zimarra; cf. Span. zimarra, a sheepskin coat; possibly derived ultimately from Gr. xei,u pros, " wintry," i.e. a See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter overcoat)  , in See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• ENGLISH

English use the name of a garment worn as See also:

• PART

part of the ceremonial See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress of See also:

• ANGLICAN

Anglican bishops . It is a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long sleeveless See also:

• GOWN

gown of See also:

• SILK

silk or satin, open down the front, gathered in at the back between the shoulders, and with slits for the arms . It is worn over the See also:

• ROCHET (Lat. rochettum, from the late Lat. roccus, connected with the O.H.Ger. rock, roc and the A.S. rocc; Fr. rocket, Ital. rocchetto, Sp. roquete, Ger. Rochett, Chorkleid)

rochet (q.v.), and its See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour is either See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black or See also:

• SCARLET

scarlet (See also:

• CONVOCATION
• CONVOCATION (Lat. convocatio, a calling together)

convocation See also:

• ROBES (Fr. robe, Late Lat. roba, raupa, meaning (1)

robes) . By a See also:

• LATE

late abuse the sleeves of the rochet were, from motives of convenience, some-times attached to the See also:

• CHIMERE (Lat. chimera, chimaera; O. Fr. chamarre, Mod. Fr. simarre; Ital. zimarra; cf. Span. zimarra, a sheepskin coat; possibly derived ultimately from Gr. xei,u pros, " wintry," i.e. a winter overcoat)

chimere . The origin of the chimere has been the subject of much debate; but the view that it is a modification of the See also:

• COPE
• COPE (M.E. cape, cope, from Med. Lat. capa, cappa)
• COPE, EDWARD DRINKER (1840-1897)
• COPE, EDWARD MEREDITH (1818-1873)

cope (q.v.) is now discarded, and it is practically proved to be derived from the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• TABARD

tabard (tabardum, taberda or collobium), an upper garment worn in See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• LIFE

life by all classes of See also:

• PEOPLE

people both in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and abroad . It has there-fore a See also:

• COMMON

common origin with certain See also:

• ACADEMIC

academic robes (see ROBES, § Academic dress) . The word " chimere," which first appears in England in the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, was sometimes applied not only to the tabard worn over the rochet, but to the sleeved See also:

• CASSOCK (Fr. casaque, a military cloak)

cassock worn under it . Thus See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop See also:

• SCROPE
• SCROPE, GEORGE JULIUS POULETT (1797—1876)

Scrope is described as wearing when on his way to See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution (1405) a See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue chimere with sleeves . But the word properly applies to the sleeveless tabard which tended to supersede, from the 15th century onwards, the inconvenient cap pa clausa (a long closed cloak with a slit in front for the arms) as the out-of-doors upper garment of bishops . These chimeres, the See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours of which (murrey, scarlet, See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green, &c.) may possibly have denoted academical See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, were part of the civil See also:

• COSTUME
• COSTUME (through the Fr. costume, from Ital. costume, Late Lat. costuma, a contracted form of Lat. consuetudinem, ace. of consuetudo, custom, habit, manner, &c.)

costume of prelates . Thus in the See also:

• INVENTORY (post-class. Lat. inventarium, a list or repertory, from invenire to find)

inventory of See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter Skirlawe, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• DURHAM
• DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, 1ST EARL OF (1792–1840)

Durham (1405-1406), eight chimeres of various colours are mentioned, including two for See also:

• RIDING

riding (See also:

• PRO

pro equitatura) . The chimere was, moreover, a See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather garment .

In summer its See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place was taken by the tippet . In the Anglican See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form for the See also:

• CONSECRATION (Lat. consecrallo, from con and sacrare, " to make sacred ")

consecration of bishops the newly consecrated See also:

• PRELATE (Lat. praelatus, set above, from praefero, prefer)

prelate, hitherto vested in rochet, is directed to put on " the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the episcopal See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit," i.e. the chimere . The robe has thus become in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church of England symbolical of the episcopal See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, and is in effect a liturgical vestment . The See also:

• RUBRIC (Fr. rubrique, Lat. rubrica, Tuber, red)

rubric containing this direction was added to the See also:

• BOOK

Book of Common See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

Prayer in 1662; and there is See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof that the del, elopment of the chimere into at least a See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir vestment was subsequent to the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation . See also:

• FOXE, JOHN (1516-1587)

Foxe, indeed, mentions that See also:

• HOOPER, JOHN (d. 1555)

Hooper at his consecration wore " a long scarlet chymere down to the See also:

• FOOT

foot " (Acts and Mon.; ed . 1563, p . 1051), a source of trouble to himself and of See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal to other extreme reformers; but that this was no more than the full civil dress of a bishop is proved by the fact that Archbishop See also:

• PARKER, JOHN HENRY (1806-1884)
• PARKER, JOSEPH (183o-1902)
• PARKER, MARTIN (c. 1600-c. 1656)
• PARKER, MATTHEW (1504-1575)
• PARKER, SAMUEL (164o-1688)
• PARKER, SIR GILBERT (1862— )
• PARKER, SIR HYDE, BART
• PARKER, THEODORE (1810-186o)

Parker at his consecration wore See also:

• SURPLICE (Late Lat. superpelliceum; Fr. super, over, and pellis, fur; Span. sobrepellice; Fr. surplis; in Ital. cotta and Ger. Chorrock, choir coat)

surplice and tippet, and only put on the chimere, when the service was over, to go away in . This civil quality of the garment See also:

• STILT

stilt survives alongside the other; the full dress of an Anglican prelate at civil functions of importance (e.g. in See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, or at See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court) is still rochet and chimere . The See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent of the chimere is the zimarra or simarre, which is defined by See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign ecclesiologists (See also:

• MORONI, C
• MORONI, GIAMBATTISTA (c. 1510-1578)

Moroni, See also:

• BARBIER, ANTOINE ALEXANDRE (1765–1825)
• BARBIER, HENRI AUGUSTE (1805-1882)
• BARBIER, LOUIS

Barbier de Montault) as a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• SOUTANE

soutane (cassock), from which it is distinguished by having a small cape and See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, open arms (manches-fausses) reaching to the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the upper See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm and decorated with buttons . In See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany it is fitted more or less to the figure; in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy it is wider and falls down straight in front . Like the soutane, the zimarra is not proper to any particular rank of See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, but in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of bishops and prelates it is ornamented with red buttons and bindings . It never has a See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train (cauda) .

It is not universally worn, e.g. in Germany apparently only by prelates . G . Moroni identifies the zimarra with the epitogium which Domenico Magri, in his Hierolexicon (ed . 1677), calls the uppermost garment of the clergy, worn over the soutane (toga) instead of the mantellum (vestis suprema clericorum loco pallii), with a See also:

• CROSS

cross-reference to Tabardum, the " usual " upper garment (See also:

• PALLIUM

pallium usuale) ; and this See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition is repeated in the 8th edition of the See also:

• WORK

work (1732) . From this it appears that so late as the middle of the 18th century the zimarra was still in common use as an out-of-doors overcoat . But, according to Moroni, by the latter See also:

• HALF

half of the 19th century the zimarra, though still worn by certain civilians (e.g. notaries and students), had become in Italy chiefly the domestic garment of the clergy, notably of superiors, See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish priests, rectors, certain regulars, priests of congregations, bishops, prelates and cardinals . It was worn also by the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman senators, and is still worn by university professors . A black zimarra lined with See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white, and sometimes ornamented with a white binding and See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold tassels, is worn by the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope . More analogous to the Anglican chimere in shape, though not in significance, is the See also:

• PURPLE

purple mantelletum worn over the rochet by bishops, and by others authorized to See also:

• WEAR

wear the episcopal insignia, in presence of the pope or his legates . This symbolizes the temporary suspension of the episcopal See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction (symbolized by the rochet) so long as the pope or his representative is See also:

• PRESENT

present . Thus at the See also:

• CURIA

Curia cardinals and prelates wear the mantelletum, while the pope wears the zimarra, and the first See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of the See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal camerlengo after the pope's See also:

• DEATH

death is to expose his rochet by laying aside the mantelletum, the other cardinals following his example, as a See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol that during the vacancy of the papacy the pope's jurisdiction is vested in the Sacred See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College . On the See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy of the mantelletum certain Anglican prelates, See also:

• AMERICAN

American and colonial, have from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to time appeared in purple chimeres; which, as the Rev .

N . F . See also:

• ROBINSON, EDWARD (1794–1863)
• ROBINSON, HENRY CRABB (1777–1867)
• ROBINSON, JOHN (1575–1625)
• ROBINSON, JOHN (1650-1723)
• ROBINSON, JOHN THOMAS ROMNEY (1792–1882)
• ROBINSON, MARY [" Perdita "] (1758–1800)
• ROBINSON, SIR JOHN BEVERLEY, BART
• ROBINSON, SIR JOSEPH BENJAMIN (1845– )
• ROBINSON, THEODORE (1852-1896)

Robinson justly points out, is a most unhappy innovation, since it has no See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• JUSTIFICATION

justification, and its symbolism is rather unfortunate .