CHINANDEGA, or CHINENDEGA  , the capital of the department of Chinandega in western Nicaragua, 10 m . N.N.E. of the seaport of Corinto by the Corinto-Managua railway . Pop . (19oo) about 12,000 . Chinandega is the centre of a fertile corn-producing district, and has a large transit trade owing to its excellent situation on the chief Nicaraguan railway . Its manufactures includecoarse cloth, pottery and Indian feather ornaments . Cotton, sugar-cane and bananas are cultivated in the neighbourhood . CHI-NAN FU, the capital of Shan-tung, China, in 36° 40' N., 1170 1' E . Pop. about 100,000 . It is situated in one of the earliest settled districts of the Chinese empire . The city, which lies in the valley of the present channel of the Yellow river (Hwang-Ho), and about 4 M. south of the river, is surrounded by a triple line of defence . First is the city wall, strongly built and carefully guarded, outside this a granite wall, and beyond this again a mud rampart .

Three springs outside the

west gate throw up streams of tepid water to a height of about 2 ft . This water, which is highly prized for its healing qualities, fills the moat and forms a fine lake in the northern quarter of the city . Chi-nan Fu was formerly famous for its manufacture of silks and of imitation precious stones . It is now the chief commercial entrep8t of Western Shan-tung but no longer a manufacturing centre . A highway connects it with the Yellow river, and it is joined by a railway 28o m. long to Kiaochow . The city has a university for instruction on Western lines, and an efficient military school . American Presbyterians began mission work in the city in 1873; it is also the see of a Roman Catholic bishop .