See also:

• CHLOROFORM (trichlor-methane), CHC13

CHLOROFORM (trichlor-methane), CHC13  , a valuable an-aesthetic, a colourless liquid, possessing an agreeable See also:

• SMELL (connected etymologically with " smoulder " and " smoke ")

smell and a pleasant See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste . It may be prepared by the See also:

• ACTION

action of See also:

• BLEACHING

bleaching See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder on many See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon compounds, such, for example, as See also:

• ETHYL

ethyl See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol and See also:

• ACETONE, or DIMETHYL KETONE

acetone (E . Soubeiran, See also:

• ANN

Ann. chim. phys., 1831 [2], 48, p . 131; J . V . See also:

• LIEBIG, JUSTUS VON, BARON (1803-1873)

Liebig, Ann., 1832, 1, p . 199), by See also:

• HEATING

heating See also:

• CHLORAL

chloral with alkalis (Liebig), CCI3CHO + NaHO= CHCI3 + NaHCO2, or by heating trichloracetic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid with See also:

• AMMONIA (NH3)

ammonia (J . See also:

• DUMAS, ALEXANDRE
• DUMAS, ALEXANDRE [" DUMAS FILS"] (1824-1895)
• DUMAS, GUILLAUME MATHIEU, COUNT (1753-1837)
• DUMAS, JEAN BAPTISTE ANDRE (1800-1884)

Dumas, Ann., 1839, 32, p . 113) . In the preparation of See also:

• CHLOROFORM (trichlor-methane), CHC13

chloroform by the action of bleaching powder on ethyl alcohol it is probable that the alcohol is first -oxidized to acetaldehyde, which is subsequently chlorinated and then decomposed . Chloroform solidifies in the See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold and then melts at -62 C.; it boils at 61.2° C., and has a specific gravity 1.52637 (0 /4°) (T . E .

See also:

• THORPE [or TnoRP], JOHN (/l. 1570-1618)
• THORPE, BENJAMIN (1782-1870)

Thorpe) . It is an exceedingly See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good solvent, especially for fats, alkaloids and See also:

• IODINE (symbol I, atomic weight '26.92)

iodine . It is not inflammable . The vapour of chloroform when passed through a red-hot See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube yields hexachlorbenzene C6C16, .perchlorethane C2CI6i and some perchlorethylene C2C14 (W . See also:

• RAMSAY, ALLAN (1686-1758)
• RAMSAY, ALLAN (1713-1784)
• RAMSAY, ANDREW MICHAEL (1686-1743)
• RAMSAY, DAVID (1749—1815)
• RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM (1852– )
• RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM MITCHELL (185r– )

Ramsay and S . See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

Young, Jahresberichte, 1886, p . 628) . Chromic acid converts it into phosgene (carbonyl chloride, COC12) . It reacts with See also:

• SODIUM [symbol Na, from Lat. natrium; atomic weight 23.00 (0=16)]

sodium ethylate to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form ortho-formic ester, CH(OC2H5)3, and when heated with aqueous ammonia for some See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours at 200-220° C. gives carbon monoxide and ammonium formate, 2CHCI3 + 7NH3 + 3H2O = NH4•HCO2 + CO+6NH4C1 (G . See also:

• ANDRE, JOHN (1751-178o)

Andre, Jahresb., 1886, p . 627) . When digested with phenols and See also:

• CAUSTIC (Gr. rcavvraubs, burning)

caustic soda it forms oxyaldehydes (K .

Reimer, Ber., 1876, 9, p . 423); and when heated with alcoholic potash it is converted into See also:

• POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium formate, CHC13 + 4KHO=KHCO2 + 3KC1+ 2H20 . It combines with acetoacetic ester to form the aromatic See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound See also:

• META

meta-oxyuvitic acid, C6H2•See also:

• CH3

CH3.OH•(COOH)2 . A See also:

• HYDRATE

hydrate, of See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition CHC13.18H2O, has been described (G . See also:

• CHANCEL (through O. Fr. from Lat. plur. cancelli, dim. of cancer, grating, lattice, probably connected with an Indo-European root Kar-, to bend; cf. circus, curve, &c.)

Chancel, See also:

• FRESENIUS, KARL REMIGIUS (1818-1897)

Fresenius Zeitschrift f. anal . Chemie, 1886, 25, p . 118) ; it forms hexagonal crystals which melt at 1.6° C . Chloroform may be readily detected by the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of an isonitrile when it is heated with alcoholic potash and a See also:

• PRIMARY

primary amine; thus with See also:

• ANILINE, PHENYLADIINE, or AMINOBENZENE, (C6H5NH2)

aniline, phenyl isocyanide (recognized by its nauseating smell) is produced, CHCI3+See also:

• C6H

C6H 5N H2+3KHO = C6H 5NC+3KCI+3H20 . For the action and use of chloroform as an anaesthetic, see See also:

• ANAESTHESIA

ANAESTHESIA . Chloroform may be given internally in doses of from one to five drops . The See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• PHARMACOPOEIA (lit. the art of the OapµaK07robbs, or drug-compounder)

Pharmacopoeia contains a watery See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution—the Aqua Chloroformi—which is useful in disguising the taste of nauseous drugs; a liniment which consists of equal parts of camphor liniment and chloroform, and is a useful See also:

• COUNTER

counter-irritant; the Spiritus Chloroformi (erroneously known as " chloric See also:

• ETHER, (C2H5)2O

ether "), which is a useful See also:

• ANODYNE (from Gr. av-, privative, and oSi vo, pain)

anodyne in doses of from five to See also:

• FORTY

forty drops; and the Tinctura Chloroformi et Morphinae Composita, which is the See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent of a proprietary See also:

• DRUG
• DRUG (from Fr. drogue, a word common in Romance languages, cf. Span. and Ital. droga; the origin of the word is obscure, but may possibly be connected with Dutch droog, dry)

drug called chlorodyne . This See also:

• TINCTURE (Fr. teinture, Lat. tinctura, tingere, to dye, stain)

tincture contains chloroform, See also:

• MORPHINE

morphine and prussic acid, and must be used with the greatest care .

Externally chloroform is an antiseptic, a See also:

• LOCAL

local anaesthetic if allowed to evaporate, and a rubefacient, causing the vessels of the skin to dilate, if rubbed in . Its action on the See also:

• STOMACH (Gr. vrbsaxos from arbga, a mouth)

stomach is practically identical with that of alcohol (q.v.), though in very much smaller doses . The uses of chloroform which fall to be mentioned here are:—as a counter-irritant; as a local anaesthetic for toothache due to See also:

• CARIES

caries, it being applied on a See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton- VI . 9CHM IELNICKI 257 See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool plug which is inserted into the carious cavity; as an antispasmodic in See also:

• TETANUS (from Gr. rei:vw, I stretch, on account of the tension of the fibres of the affected muscles), or LOCKJAW

tetanus and See also:

• HYDROPHOBIA (Gr. iibwp, water, and 4osos, fear; so called from the symptom of dread of water), or RABIES (Lat. for" madness ")

hydrophobia; and as the best and most immediate and effective antidote in cases of See also:

• STRYCHNINE

strychnine poisoning .