BOGDAN See also:

• BOGDAN CHMIELNICKI (c. 1593-1657)

CHMIELNICKI (c. 1593-1657)  , See also:

• HETMAN

hetman of the See also:

• COSSACKS (Russ. Kazak; plural, Kazaki, from the Turki quzzaq, " adventurer, free-hooter ")

Cossacks, son of See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael See also:

• CHMIELNICKI, BOGDAN (c. 1593-1657)

Chmielnicki, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Subatow, near Chigirin in the See also:

• UKRAINE (" frontier ")

Ukraine, an See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate given to the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder Chmielnicki for his lifelong services to the See also:

• POLISH

Polish See also:

• CROWN

crown . Bogdan, after learning to read and write, a rare accomplishment in those days, entered the Cossack ranks, was dangerously wounded and taken prisoner in his first See also:

• BATTLE

battle against the See also:

• TURKS

Turks, and found leisure during his two years' captivity at See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople to acquire the rudiments of See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish and See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French . On returning to the Ukraine he settled down quietly on his paternal estate, and in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability See also:

• HISTORY

history would never have known his name if the intolerable persecution of a neighbouring Polish See also:

• SQUIRE

squire, who See also:

• STOLE (Lat. stela and orarium, Fr. etole, It. stola, Sp. estola, Ger. Stela)

stole his hayricks and flogged his See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant son to See also:

• DEATH

death, had not converted the thrifty and acquisitive Cossack See also:

• HUSBAND

husband-See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man into one of the most striking and sinister figures of See also:

• MODERN

modern times . Failing to get redress nearer See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, he determined to seek for See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice at See also:

• WARSAW
• WARSAW (Polish Warszawa, Ger. Warschau, Fr. Varsovie)

Warsaw, whither he had been summoned with other Cossack delegates to assist See also:

• WLADISLAUS (WLADISLAW)

Wladislaus IV. in his See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-projected See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war against the Turks . The See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, perceiving him to be a man of some See also:

• EDUCATION

education and intelligence, appointed him pisarz or secretary of the registered Cossacks, and he subsequently served under See also:

• KONIECPOLSKI, STANISLAUS (1591-1646)

Koniecpolski in the Ukraine See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1646 . His hopes of distinction were, however, cut See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short by a See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of the Polish See also:

• DIET

diet, which, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to vex the king, refused to See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction the continuance of the war . Chmielnicki, now doubly hateful to the Poles as being both a royalist and a Cossack, was again maltreated and chicaned, and only escaped from See also:

• GAOL, or JAIL

gaol by bribing his gaolers . Thirsting for vengeance, he fled to the Cossack settlements on the See also:

• LOWER

Lower See also:

• DNIEPER

Dnieper and thence sent messages to the See also:

• KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

khan of the See also:

• CRIMEA (ancient Tauris or Tauric Chersonese, called by the Russians by the Tatar name Krym or Crim)

Crimea, urging a simultaneous invasion of See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland by the See also:

• TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)

Tatars and the Cossacks (1647) . On the 11th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1648, at an See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of the Zaporozhians (see POLAND: History), he openly declared his intention of proceeding against the Poles, and was elected ataman by See also:

• ACCLAMATION (Lat. acclamatio, a shouting at)

acclamation . as At Zheltnaya Vodui (Yellow See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

Waters) in the Ukraine he annihilated, on the 19th of May, a detached Polish See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps after three days' desperate fighting, and on the 26th routed the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main Polish army under the See also:

• GRAND

grand hetman, See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen See also:

• POTOCKI, IGNATY (1741–1809)
• POTOCKI, STANISLAW FELIX (1752–1805)

Potocki, at Kruta Balka (Hard See also:

• PLANK

Plank), near the See also:

• RIVER

river Korsun . The immediate consequence of these victories was the outbreak of a " See also:

• SERFS, SERROS

serfs' fury." Throughout the Ukraine the Polish gentry were hunted down, flayed and burnt alive, blinded and sawn asunder . Every See also:

• MANOR

manor-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house was reduced to ashes .

Every Uniat and See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest was hung up before his own See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar, along with a See also:

• JEW, THE WANDERING

Jew and a hog . The panic-stricken inhabitants fled to the nearest strongholds, and soon the rebels were swarming all over the palatinates of See also:

• VOLHYNIA

Volhynia and See also:

• PODOLIA

Podolia . But the ataman was as crafty as he was cruel . Disagreeably awakened to the insecurity of his position by the refusal of the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar and the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan to accept him as a See also:

• VASSAL (Fr. vassal, vassaut, vassault, &c,)

vassal, he feigned to resume negotiations with the Poles in order to gain See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, dismissed the Polish commissioners in the summer of 1648 with impossible conditions, and on the 23rd of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, after a contest of three days, utterly routed the Polish See also:

• CHIVALRY (O. Fr. chevalerie, from Late Lat. caballerius)

chivalry, 40,000 strong, at Pildawa, where the Cossacks are said to have reaped an immense See also:

• BOOTY (apparently influenced by " boot," O. Eng. bot, ad-vantage or profit, through an adaptation from an earlier form cognate with Ger. Beute and Fr. butin)

booty after the fight was over . All Poland now See also:

• LAY

lay at his feet, and the road to the defenceless See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital was open before him; but he wasted the See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious months in vain before the fortress of Zamosc, and was then persuaded by the new king of Poland, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Casimir, to consent to a suspension of hostilities . .In See also:

• JUNE

June 1649, arrayed in See also:

• CLOTH

cloth-of-See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and mounted on a See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white charger, Chmielnicki made his triumphal entry into See also:

• KIEV
• KIEV, KIEFF, or KIYEFF

Kiev, where, he was hailed as the Maccabaeus of the Orthodox faith, and permitted the committal of unspeakable atrocities on the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews and See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholics . At the ensuing See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress at See also:

• PEREYASLAVL
• PEREYASLAVL (called Zalyeskiy, or " Beyond the Forest," to distinguish it from the older town in Poltava after which it was named)

Pereyaslavl he demanded terms so extravagant that the Polish commissioners dared not listen to them . In 1649, therefore, the war was resumed . A bloody battle ensued near Zborow, on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the Strypa, when only the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal valour of the Polish king, the superiority of the Polish See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery, and the defection of Chmielnicki's. See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies, the Tatars enabled the royal forces to hold their own . Peace was then patched up by the compact of Zborow (See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 21, 1649), whereby Chmielnicki was virtually recognized as a semi-See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince . For the next eighteen months he was the See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the Ukraine, which he divided into sixteen provinces, made his native See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place Chigirin the Cossack capital, and entered into See also:

• DIRECT

direct relations with See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers . Poland and Muscovy competed for his See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance, and in his more exalted moods he meditated an Orthodox crusade against the Turk at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Slays .

But he was no statesman, and his difficulties proved overwhelming . See also:

• INSTINCT

Instinct told him that his old ally the khan of the Crimea was unreliable, and that the tsar of Muscovy was his natural See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector, yet he could not make up his mind to abandon the one or turn to the other . His See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to carve a principality for his son out of See also:

• MOLDAVIA

Moldavia, which Poland regarded as her vassal, led to the outbreak in 1651 of a third war between subject and suzerain, which speedily assumed the dignity and the dimensions of a crusade . Chmielnicki was now regarded not merely as a Cossack See also:

• REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel, but as the See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-enemy of Catholicism in eastern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, and the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope granted a plenary See also:

• ABSOLUTION (Lat. absolutio from absolvo, loosen, acquit)

absolution to all who took up arms against him . But Bogdan himself was not without ecclesiastical sanction . The See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• CORINTH
• CORINTH, ISTHMUS OF

Corinth girded him with a See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword which had lain upon the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• SEPULCHRE, CANONS REGULAR OF THE HOLY
• SEPULCHRE, EASTER
• SEPULCHRE, THE HOLY

Sepulchre, and the See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan of Kiev absolved him from all his sins, without the usual preliminary of See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession, before he rode forth to battle . But See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune, so long his friend, nsw deserted him, and at Beresteczko (See also:

• JULY

July 1, 1651) the Cossack ataman was defeated for the first time . But even now his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power was far from broken . In 1652 he openly interfered in the affairs of Transylvania and See also:

• WALACHIA, or WALLAHHIA

Walachia, and assumed the high-See also:

• SOUNDING (for derivation see SOUND above)

sounding • See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of " See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian of the See also:

• OTTOMAN

Ottoman See also:

• PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

Porte." In 1653 Poland made a supreme effort, the diet voted 17,000,000 gulden in subsidies, and John Casimir led an army of 60,000 men into the Ukraine and defeated the arch-rebel at Zranta, whereupon Chmielnicki took the See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath of See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to the tsar (compat of Pereyaslavl, See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 19,1654),and all See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of an independent Cossack See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state was at an end . Re died on the 7th of August 1657 . With all his native ability, Chmielnicki was but an eminent See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage . He was the creature of every passing See also:

• MOOD

mood or whim, incapable of cool and steady See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment or of the slightest self-See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control—an incalculable See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather-See also:

• COCK, EDWARD (1805-1892)

cock, blindly obsequious to every blast of See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion .

He could destroy, but he could not create, and other See also:

• PEOPLE

people benefited by his exploits . See P . Kulish, On the Defection of Malo-See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia from Poland (Rus.) (See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow, 189o) ; S . M . Solovev, History of Russia (Rus.) (Moscow, 1857, &c.), vol. x.; See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Nisbet See also:

• BAIN, ALEXANDER (1818-1903)
• BAIN, ANDREW GEDDES (1797-1864)

Bain, The First Romanovs, chaps . 3-4 (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1905) . (R . N .