See also:

• JAN

JAN KAROL See also:

• JAN KAROL CHODKIEWICZ (156o-1621)

CHODKIEWICZ (156o-1621)  , See also:

• POLISH

Polish See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, was the son of Hieronymus See also:

• CHODKIEWICZ, JAN KAROL (156o-1621)

Chodkiewicz, castellan of Wilna . After being educated at the Wilna See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy he went abroad to learn the See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, fighting in the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish service under See also:

• ALVA
• ALVA, or ALBA, FERNANDO ALVAREZ DE TOLEDO, DUKE OF, (1508-1583)

Alva, and also under See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice of See also:

• NASSAU

Nassau . In 1593 he married the wealthy See also:

• SOPHIA (1630-1714)

Sophia Mielecka, by whom he had one son who predeceased him . His first military service at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home was against the Cossack rising of Nalewajko as See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant to See also:

• ZOLKIEWSKI, STANISLAUS (1547-1619)

Zolkiewski, and he subsequently assisted See also:

• ZAMOYSKI, JAN (1541-1605)

Zamoyski in his victorious Moldavian See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign . Honours and dignities were now showered upon him . In 1599 he was appointed starosta of Samogitia, and in 1600 acting See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of Lithuania . In the war against See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden for the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of See also:

• LIVONIA, or LIVLAND (Russian, Liflandia)

Livonia he brilliantly distinguished himself, capturing fortress after fortress and repulsing the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Sudermania, afterwards See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles IX, from See also:

• RIGA (Esth. Ria-Lin)

Riga . In 1604 he captured Dorpat, twice defeated the See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish generals at Bialy Kamien, and was rewarded with the See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• BATON (Fr. baton, baston, from Late Lat. basto, a stick or staff)

baton of Lithuania . Criminally neglected by the See also:

• DIET

diet, which from sheer niggardliness turned a See also:

• DEAF

deaf See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear to all his See also:

• REQUESTS, COURT OF

requests for reinforcements and for supplies and See also:

• MONEY

money to pay his soldiers, Chodkiewicz nevertheless more than held his own against the Swedes . His crowning achievement was the See also:

• GREAT

great victory of Kirkholm (Aug . 27th, 1605), when with barely 5000 men he annihilated a threefold larger Swedish See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army; for which feat he received letters of congratulation from the pqpe, all the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic potentates. of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, and even from the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan of See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey and the shah of See also:

• PERSIA

Persia . Yet this great victory was absolutely fruitless, owing to the domestic dissensions which prevailed in See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland during the following five years .

Chodkiewicz's own army, unpaid for years, abandoned him at last en masse in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to See also:

• PLUNDER

plunder the estates of their See also:

• POLITICAL

political opponents, leaving the grand See also:

• HETMAN

hetman to carry on the war as best he could with a handful of mercenaries paid out of the pockets of himself and his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends . Chodkiewicz was one of the few magnates who remained loyal to the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, and after helping to defeat the rebels in Poland a fresh invasion of Livonia by the Swedes recalled him thither, and once more he relieved Riga besides capturing See also:

• PERNAU (in Russ. Pernov and in Esthonian Pernolin)

Pernau . Meanwhile the war with Muscovy See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out, and Chodkiewicz was sent against See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow with an army of 2000 men—though if there had been a spark of true patriotism in Poland he could easily have marshalled See also:

• IOO

Ioo,000 . Moreover, the diet neglected to pay for the See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance even of this paltry 2000, with the result, that they mutinied and compelled their See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader to See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat through the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of Muscovy to See also:

• SMOLENSK

Smolensk . Not till the See also:

• CROWN

crown See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince . See also:

• WLADISLAUS (WLADISLAW)

Wladislaus arrived with tardy reinforcements did the war assume a different See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, Chodkiewicz opening a new career of victory by taking the fortress of Drohobu in 1617 . The See also:

• MUSCOVITE

Muscovite war had no sooner been ended by the treaty of Deulina than Chodkiewicz was hastily despatched southwards to defend the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern frontier against the See also:

• TURKS

Turks, who after the See also:

• CATASTROPHE (Gr. Karaurpoch, from KaraQrp4ecv, to over-turn)

catastrophe of Cecora (see ZOLKIEWSKI) had high hopes of conquering Poland altogether . An army of 16o,000 See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish veterans led by Sultan See also:

• OSMAN (1832-1900)
• OSMAN (`UsMAN)

Osman in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person advanced from See also:

• ADRIANOPLE
• ADRIANOPLE (anc. Hadrianopolis; Turk. Edirne, or Edreneh; Slay. Odrin)

Adrianople towards the Polish frontier, but Chodkiewicz crossed the See also:

• DNIEPER

Dnieper in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1621 and entrenched himself in the fortress of See also:

• KHOTIN, or KHOTEEN (variously written Khochim, Choczim, and Chocim)

Khotin right in the path of the See also:

• OTTOMAN

Ottoman advance . Here for a whole See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month the Polish See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero held the sultan at See also:

• BAY

bay, till the first fall of autumn See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow compelled Osman to withdraw his diminished forces . But the victory was dearly See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased by Poland . A few days before the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege was raised the aged grand hetman died of exhaustion in the fortress (See also:

• SEPT

Sept . 24th, 1621) .

See See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam Stanislaw Naruszewicz, See also:

• LIFE

Life of J . K . Chodkiewicz (Pol.; 4th ed., See also:

• CRACOW (Pol. Krakov; Ger. Krakau)

Cracow, 1857–1858) ; Lukasz Golebiowski, The Moral See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

Side of J . K . Chodkiewicz as indicated by his Letters (Pol.; See also:

• WARSAW
• WARSAW (Polish Warszawa, Ger. Warschau, Fr. Varsovie)

Warsaw, 1854) . (R . N .