See also:

• CHOUANS (a Bas-Breton word signifying screech-owls)

CHOUANS (a Bas-See also:

• BRETON, BRITTON
• BRETON, JULES ADOLPHE

Breton word signifying screech-owls)  , the name applied to smugglers and dealers in See also:

• CONTRABAND (Fr. contrebande, from contra, against, and bannum, Low Lat. for " proclamation ")

contraband See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, who See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose in insurrection in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the Revolution and joined the royalists of La See also:

• VENDEE
• VENDEE, WARS OF THE

Vendee . It has been suggested that the name arose from the cry they used when approaching their nocturnal See also:

• RENDEZVOUS

rendezvous; but it is more probable that it was derived from a See also:

• NICKNAME

nickname applied to their See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader See also:

• JEAN

Jean Cottereau (1767-1794) . Originally a contraband manufacturer of salt, Cottereau along with his See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers had several times been condemned and served See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence; but the Revolution, by destroying the inland customs, ruined his See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . On the 15th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1792, he led a See also:

• BAND

band of peasants to prevent the departure of the See also:

• VOLUNTEERS

volunteers of St Ouen, near See also:

• LAVAL
• LAVAL, ANDRE DE, SEIGNEUR DE LOHEAC (c. 1408-1485)

Laval, and retired to the See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood of Misdon, where they lived in huts and subterranean See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers . The See also:

• CHOUANS (a Bas-Breton word signifying screech-owls)

Chouans then waged a See also:

• GUERRILLA (erroneously written " guerilla," being the diminutive of the Span. guerra, war)

guerrilla warfare against the republicans and, sustained by the royalists and from abroad, carried on their assassinations and See also:

• BRIGANDAGE

brigandage with success . From See also:

• LOWER

Lower See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine the insurrection soon spread to See also:

• BRITTANY

Brittany, and throughout the west of France . In 1793 Cottereau came to Laval with some 500 men; the band See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew rapidly and swelled into a considerable See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, which assumed the name of La Petite Vendee . But after the decisive defeats at Le Mans and Savenay, Cottereau retired again to his old haunts in the wood of Misdon, and resumed his old course of guerrilla warfare . Misfortunes here increased upon him, until he See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into an ambuscade and was mortally wounded . He died among his followers in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1794 . Cottereau's brothers also perished in the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, with the exception of Rene, who lived until 1846 . Royalist authors have made of Cottereau a See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero and See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

martyr, titles to which his claim is not established .

After the See also:

• DEATH

death of Cottereau, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief leaders of the Chouans were Georges See also:

• CADOUDAL, GEORGES (1771-1804)

Cadoudal (q.v.) and a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man who went by the name of Jambe d'Argent . For several months the Chouans continued their See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty warfare, which was disgraced by many acts of ferocity and rapine; in August 1795 they dispersed; but they were guilty of several conspiracies up to 1815 . (See also VENDEE.) See the articles in La Revolution francaise, vol . 29, La Chouannerie clans la See also:

• MANCHE

Manche; vol . 32, La Chouannerie clans l'See also:

• EURE

Eure; vol . 40, La Chouannerie clans le See also:

• MORBIHAN

Morbihan (1793—1794) ; Sarot, See also:

• LES

Les Tribunaux repressifs ordinaires de la Manche en matiere politique See also:

• PENDANT (through Fr. from Lat. pendere, to hang)

pendant la premiere Revolution (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1881), 4 vols.; Th. de Closmadeux, See also:

• QUIBERON, CAMPAIGN AND BATTLE OF

Quiberon (1795), Emigres et Chouans, commissions militaires, interrogations et jugements (Paris, 1898), the only authority on the celebrated affair of Quiberon; E . See also:

• DAUDET, ALPHONSE (1840-1897)

Daudet, La See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

Police et les Chouans dams le Consulat et 1'See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire, 1800—1815 (Paris, 1895) . Also the See also:

• WORKS

works of Ch . L . Chessin mentioned under VENDEE .