FLORENT See also:

• FLORENT CHRESTIEN (1541—1596)

CHRESTIEN (1541—1596)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French satirist and Latin poet, the son of See also:

• GUILLAUME
• GUILLAUME, JEAN BAPTISTE CLAUDE EUGENE (1822-1905)

Guillaume See also:

• CHRESTIEN, FLORENT (1541—1596)

Chrestien, an eminent French physician and writer on See also:

• PHYSIOLOGY (from Gr. 4 i s, nature, and koyos, discourse)

physiology, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans on the 26th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1541 . A See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of See also:

• HENRI

Henri See also:

• ESTIENNE (or ETIENNE; the French form of the name; anglicized to Stephens, and latinized to Stephanus)

Estienne, the Hellenist, at an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age he was appointed See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor to See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry of See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre, afterwards Henry IV., who made him his librarian . Brought up as a Calvinist, he became a convert to Catholicism . He was the author of many See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations from the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek into Latin See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse,—amongst others, of versions of the See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

Hero and Leander attributed to See also:

• MUSAEUS

Musaeus, and of many epigrams from the See also:

• ANTHOLOGY

Anthology . In his translations into French, among which are remarked those of See also:

• BUCHANAN
• BUCHANAN, CLAUDIUS
• BUCHANAN, GEORGE (1506–1582)
• BUCHANAN, JAMES (1791-1868)
• BUCHANAN, ROBERT WILLIAMS (1841-1901)

Buchanan's Jephthe (1567), and of See also:

• OPPIAN (Gr. 'Oaacavos)

Oppian De Venatione (1575), he is not so happy, being rather to be praised for fidelity to his See also:

• ORIGINAL

original than for excellence of See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style . His See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal claim to a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place among memorable satirists is as one of the authors of the Satyre Menippee, the famous See also:

• PASQUINADE

pasquinade in the See also:

• INTEREST

interest of his old pupil, Henry IV., in which the harangue put into the mouth of See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal de See also:

• PELL, JOHN (16so-1685)

Pell/6 is usually attributed to him . He died on the 3rd of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1596 at See also:

• VENDOME
• VENDOME, LOUIS JOSEPH

Vendome . CHR$TIEN, or CRESTIEN, DE See also:

• TROYES

TROYES, a native of See also:

• CHAMPAGNE

Champagne, and the most famous of French See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval poets . Unfortunately we have few exact details as to his See also:

• LIFE

life, and See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion differs as to the precise See also:

• DATES

dates to be assigned to his poems . We know that he wrote the See also:

• CHEVALIER, ALBERT (1861– )
• CHEVALIER, MICHEL (1806-1879)
• CHEVALIER, ULYSSE (1841– )

Chevalier de la Charrette at the command of See also:

• MARIE

Marie, countess of Champagne (the daughter of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis VII. and Eleanor, who married the See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of Champagne in 1164), and Le See also:

• CONTE

Conte del Graal or See also:

• PERCEVAL, or PERCYVELLE (Ger. Parzival, Fr. Perlesvaus, Welsh, Peredur)
• PERCEVAL, SPENCER (1762-1812)

Perceval for See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip, count of See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders, who died of the See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague before See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

Acre in 1191 . This See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince was See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian to the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, Philip See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus, and held the regency from 118o to 1182 . As Chretien refers to the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of the See also:

• GRAIL (formerly KAREL)
• GRAIL, THE HOLY

Grail as the best See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale told an See also:

• CORT, CORNELIS (1536-1578)

cort roial, it seems very probable that it was composed during the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the count's regency .

It was See also:

• LEFT

left unfinished, and added to at See also:

• DIVERS

divers times by at least three writers, Wauchierde I)enain, See also:

• GERBERT, MARTIN (172o-1793)

Gerbert de See also:

• MONTREUIL, GERBERT DE (fl. 13th century)

Montreuil and Manessier . The second of these states definitely that Chretien died before he could finish his poem . Probably the period of his See also:

• LITERARY

literary activity lies between the dates 1150 and 1182, when his See also:

• PATRON

patron, Count Philip, See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into disgrace at See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court . The extant poems of Chretien de Troyes, in their See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order are, Erec et Enide, Cliges, Le Chevalier de la Charrette (or See also:

• LANCELOT (Lancelot du Lac, or Lancelot of the Lake)

Lancelot), Le Chevalier an See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

Lion (or Yvain), and Le Conte del Graal (Perceval), all dealing with Arthurian See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend . Besides these he states in the opening lines of Cliges that he had composed a See also:

• TRISTAN
• TRISTAN, or TRISTRAM

Tristan (of which so far no trace has been found), and had made certain translations from See also:

• OVID [PUBLIUS OvID1us NASO] (43 B.C.–A.D. 17)

Ovid's Ars Amatoria and Metamorphoses . A portion of the last has been found by Gaston See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris included in the See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of Ovid made by Chretien Legouais . There exists also a poem, Guillaume d' Angleterre, purporting to be by Chretien, but the authorship is a See also:

• MATTER

matter of debate . See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Foerster claims it as genuine, and includes it in his edition of the poems, but Gaston Paris never accepted it . Chretien's poems enjoyed widespread favour, and of the three most popular (Erec, Yvain and Perceval) there exist old Norse translations, while the two first were admirably rendered into See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German by See also:

• HARTMANN, KARL ROBERT EDUARD VON (1842–1906)
• HARTMANN, MORITZ (1821–1872)

Hartmann von Aue . There is an See also:

• ENGLISH

English translation of the Yvain, Ywain and See also:

• GAWAIN (Fr. Walwain (Brut)

Gawain, and there are Welsh versions of all three stories, though their exact relation to the French has not been determined . Chretien's style is easy and graceful, such as might be expected from a court poet; he is See also:

• ANALYTICAL

analytical, but not dramatic; in See also:

• DEPTH

depth of thought and See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of characterization he is decidedly inferior to Wolfram von Eschenbach, and as a poet he is probably to be ranked below See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas, the author of the Tristan, and the translator of Thomas, Gottfried von See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg . Much that has been claimed as characteristic of his See also:

• WORK

work has been shown by M .

Willmotte to be merely reproductions of literary conceits employed by his predecessors; in the words of a See also:

• RECENT

recent writer, M . Wilier, " Chretien semble moins avoir ete un createur epique qu'un habile arrangeur." The See also:

• SPECIAL

special interest of his pc See also:

• EMS

ems lies in the problems surrounding their origin . So far as the See also:

• MSS

MSS. are concerned they are the earliest Arthurian romances we possess . Did Chretien invent the genre, or did he simply turn to See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account the work of earlier, and less favoured, poets ? See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

Round this point the See also:

• BATTLE

battle still rages hotly, and though the extensive claims made by the enthusiastic editor of his See also:

• WORKS

works are gradually yielding to the force of See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical investigation, it cannot be said that the question is in any way settled (see ARTHURIAN LEGEND) . Chretien's poems, except the Perceval, have been critically edited by Professor Foerster (4 vols.) . There is no easily available edition of the Perceval, which was printed from the See also:

• MONS (Flemish Bergen)

Mons MS. by M . Potvin (6 vols., 1866-1871), but is difficult to procure . For Ywain and Gawain see the edition by Schleich (1887) . The German versions are in Deutsche Classiker See also:

• DES

des Mittelalters, 1888 (Iwein), 1893 (Erec) ; the Welsh, in See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady See also:

• CHARLOTTE

Charlotte See also:

• GUEST (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Gast, and Swed. gust; cognate with Lat. hostis, originally a stranger, hence enemy; cf. " host " )
• GUEST, EDWIN (1800–188o)

Guest's translation of the See also:

• MABINOGION (plural of Welsh mabinogi, from mabinog, a bard's apprentice)

Mabinogion (Nutt, 1902) ; Scandinavian translations, ed . E . Kolbing (1872) .

For See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism see Willmotte, L'See also:

• EVOLUTION

Evolution du See also:

• ROMAN

roman See also:

• FRANCAIS, ANTOINE, COUNT (1756-1836)

francais aux environs de 1150 (1903) ; also Legend of See also:

• SIR

Sir Lancelot and Legend of Sir See also:

• PERCIVAL, JAMES GATES

Percival (See also:

• GRIMM, FRIEDRICH MELCHIOR, I
• GRIMM, JACOB LUDWIG CARL (1785-1863)
• GRIMM, WILHELM CARL (1786-1859)

Grimm Library); and M . Borodine, La Femme et l'amour an XIP siecle, d'apres See also:

• LES

les poemes de Chretien de Troyes (1909) .