See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

CHRISTIAN III  . (15o3-1559), See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark and See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway, was the son of See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick I. of Denmark and his first See also:

• CONSORT (Lat. consors, a companion)

consort, See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne of See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg . His earliest teacher, Wolfgang von Utenhof, who came straight from See also:

• WITTENBERG

Wittenberg, and the Lutheran Holsteiner Johann Rantzau, who became his See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor, were both able and zealous reformers . In 1521 See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian travelled in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, and was See also:

• PRESENT

present at the See also:

• DIET

diet of See also:

• WORMS

Worms, where See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther's behaviour profoundly impressed him . On his return he found that his See also:

• FATHER

father had been elected king of Denmark in the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of Christian II., and the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince's first public service was the reduction of See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen, which stood See also:

• FIRM

firm for the fugitive Christian II . He made no See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret of his Lutheran views, and his outspokenness brought him into collision, not only with the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic Rigsraad, but also with his cautious and temporizing father . At his own See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court at See also:

• SCHLESWIG (Dan. Slesvig)

Schleswig he did his best to introduce the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation, despite the opposition of the bishops . Both as See also:

• STADTHOLDER (Du. stadhouder, a delegate or representative)

stadtholder of the Duchies in 1526, and as See also:

• VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy of Norway in 1529, he displayed considerable administrative ability, though here too his religious intolerance greatly provoked the Catholic party . There was even some talk of passing him over in the See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to the See also:

• THRONE

throne, in favour of his See also:

• HALF

half-See also:

• BROTHER

brother Hans, who had been brought up in the old See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion . On his father's See also:

• DEATH

death Christian was proclaimed king at the See also:

• LOCAL

local diet of See also:

• VIBORG
• VIBORG (Finnish Viipuri)

Viborg, and took an active See also:

• PART

part in the " Grevens Fejde " or " See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count's See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War." The See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph of so fanatical a reformer as Christian brought about the fall of Catholicism, but the Catholics were still so strong in the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state that Christian was forced to have recourse to a coup d'etat, which he successfully accomplished by means of his See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German mercenaries (12th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1536), an absolutely inexcusable See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of violence loudly blamed by Luther himself, and accompanied by the wholesale spoliation of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church . Christian's finances were certainly readjusted thereby, but the ultimate gainers by the See also:

• CONFISCATION (from Lat. confiscare, to consign to the fiscus, or imperial treasury)

confiscation were the nobles, and both See also:

• EDUCATION

education and morality suffered grievously in consequence . The circumstances under which Christian III. ascended the throne naturally exposed Denmark to the danger of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign domination .

It was with the help of the gentry of the duchies that Christianhad conquered Denmark . German and See also:

• HOLSTEIN
• HOLSTEIN, FRIEDRICH VON (1837–1909)

Holstein noblemen had led his armies and directed his See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy . Naturally, a mutual confidence between a king who had conquered his See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom and a See also:

• PEOPLE

people who had stood in arms against him was not attainable immediately, and the first six years of Christian III.'s reign were marked by a contest between the Danish Rigsraad and the German counsellors, both of whom sought to See also:

• RULE

rule " the pious king " exclusively . Though the Danish party won a See also:

• SIGNAL

signal victory at the outset, by obtaining the insertion in the See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter of provisions stipulating that only native-See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born Danes should fill the highest dignities of the state, the king's German counsellors continued See also:

• PARAMOUNT (Anglo-Fr. paramont, up above, par el mont, up or on top of the mountain)

paramount during the earlier years of his reign . The ultimate triumph of the Danish party See also:

• DATES

dates from 1539, the dangers threatening Christian III. from the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V. and other kinsmen of the imprisoned Christian II. convincing him of the See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of removing the last trace of discontent in the See also:

• LAND

land by leaning exclusively on Danish magnates and soldiers . The See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification of the Danish king with the Danish people was accomplished at the Herredag of Copenhagen, 1542, when the See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility of Denmark voted Christian a twentieth part of all their See also:

• PROPERTY

property to pay off his heavy See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt to the Holsteiners and Germans . The See also:

• PIVOT (Fr. pivot; probably connected with Ital. pivolo, peg, pin, diminutive of piva, pipa, pipe)

pivot of the foreign policy of Christian III. was his See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with the German Evangelical princes, as a counterpoise to the persistent hostility of Charles V., who was determined to support the hereditary claims of his nieces, the daughters of Christian II., to the Scandinavian kingdoms . War was actually declared against Charles V. in 1542, and, though the German See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant princes proved faithless See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies, the closing of the See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

Sound against Dutch See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping proved such an effective weapon in King Christian's See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand that the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands compelled Charles V. to make See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace with Denmark at the diet of See also:

• SPIRES (Ger. Speyer or Speier)

Spires, the 23rd of May 1544 . The foreign policy of Christian's later days was regulated by the peace of Spires . He carefully avoided all foreign complications; refused to participate in the Schmalkaldic war of 1546; mediated between the emperor and See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony after the fall of See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice of Saxony at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Sievershausen in 1553, and contributed essentially to the conclusion of peace . King Christian III. died on New See also:

• YEAR

Year's See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

Day 1559 . Though not perhaps a See also:

• GREAT

great, he was, in the fullest sense of the word, a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good ruler .

A strong sense of See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty, genuine piety, and a cautious but by no means pusillanimous See also:

• COMMON

common-sense coloured every See also:

• ACTION

action of his patient, laborious and eventful See also:

• LIFE

life . But the See also:

• WORK

work he See also:

• LEFT

left behind him is the best See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of his statesmanship . He found Denmark in ruins; he left her stronger and wealthier than she had ever been before . See Danmarks Riges Historie, vol . 3 (Copenhagen, 1897-1901); Huitfeld, King Christian III.'s Historie (Copenhagen, 1595) ; See also:

• BAIN, ALEXANDER (1818-1903)
• BAIN, ANDREW GEDDES (1797-1864)

Bain, Scandinavia, cap. iv. v . (See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, 1905) . (R . N .