See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord's [See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house]," and See also:

• COMMON

common to many See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic, See also:

• SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic and other See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages under various forms—Scottish See also:

• KIRK, SIR JOHN (1832- )

kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, See also:

• DAN

Dan. See also:

• KIRKE, PERCY (c. 1646-1691)

kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk  ova, See also:

• CZECH (in Bohemian, Cech)

Czech cirkev, Finn. kirkko, &c.), a word originally applied to the See also:

• BUILDING

building used for See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship, and subsequently extended to the Christian community (See also:

• ECCLESIA (Gr. EKKX ria, from Lc, out, and Ka)teiv, to call)

ecclesia) itself . Similarly the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek word ecclesia *See also:

• AVILA
• AVILA (anc. Abula or Avela)
• AVILA, GIL GONZALEZ DE (c. 1577-1658)

Avila), " See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly," was very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early transferred from the community to the building, and is used in both senses, especially in the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• ROMANCE

Romance and See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages (e.g . Fr . €glise, Welsh eglwys, &c.) . (1) See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

Architecture.—From the strictly architectural point of view the subject of church building, including the development of the various styles and the essential features of the construction and arrangement of churches, is dealt with elsewhere (see ARCHITECTTTRE; See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

ABBEY; See also:

• BASILICA

BASILICA) . It is, how-ever, impossible to understand the development of church architecture without realizing its intimate connexion with that of the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine, organization and See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual of the Christian Church as a religious community, and a brief See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of this connexion may be given here by way of introduction to the more technical treatment of the subject . In See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general it may be said of church architecture, more truly than of any other, that artistically it is " frozen See also:

• MUSIC

music." It is true that at all times churches have been put to See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular uses; in periods of unrest, as among the Nestorian Christians now, they were sometimes built to serve at need as fortresses; their towers were used for beacons, their naves for meetings on secular affairs . But as a See also:

• RULE

rule, and especially in thegreat periods of church architecture, their builders were untrammelled by any utilitarian considerations; they built for the See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory of See also:

• GOD

God, for their own glory perhaps, in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints; and their See also:

• WORK

work, where it survives, is (as it were) a petrification of their beliefs and ideals . This is, of course, more true of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages than of the times that preceded and followed them; the Church under the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

empire hardly as yet realized the possibilities of " sermons in stones," and took over, with little See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change, the See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of the secular and religious buildings of See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome; the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance, essentially a neo-pagan See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement, introduced disturbing factors from outside, and, though developing a See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style very characteristic of the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age that produced it, started that archaeological movement which has tended in modern times to substitute See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere imitations of old See also:

• MODELS

models for any See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express in church architecture the religious spirit of the age . The earliest type of Christian Church, out of which the others See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed, was the basilica . The Church, emerging in the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century into imperial favour, and established as See also:

• PART

part of the organization of the Roman empire, simply adopted that type of secular See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official building which she found convenient for her purposes . The See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, now Roman officials, vested in the See also:

• ROBES (Fr. robe, Late Lat. roba, raupa, meaning (1)

robes of the See also:

• CIVIL

civil dignitaries (see See also:

• VESTMENTS

VESTMENTS), took their seats in the See also:

• APSE
• APSE (Gr. alkir, a fastening, especially the felloe of a wheel; Lat. absis)

apse of the basilica where the magistrates were wont to sit, in front of them the See also:

• HOLY

holy table, facing the See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

congregation .

The See also:

• CANCELLI (plural of Lat. cancellus, dim. of cancer, a crossing bar)

cancelli, the lattice or,See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar, which in the civil tribunal had divided the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court from the litigants and the public, now served to See also:

• SEPARATE

separate clergy and laity . This arrangement still survives in some of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient churches of Rome; it has been revived in many See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant places of worship . It symbolized principally an official distinction; but with the theocratizing of the empire in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East and its decay in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West the accentuation of the mystic See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of the clergy led to a more See also:

• COMPLETE

complete separation from the laity, a tendency which, See also:

• LEFT

left its See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark on the arrangements of the churches . In the East the cancelli, under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence possibly of the ritual of the Jewish See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple, developed into the See also:

• ICONOSTASIS

iconostasis, the See also:

• SCREEN (usually, but very doubtfully, connected with Lat. scrinium, a box for holding books, from scribere, to write; a connexion with Ger. Schranke, barrier, has been suggested)

screen of holy pictures, behind the closed doors of which the supreme See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of the eucharistic See also:

• MYSTERY (Gr. µw(Trilpcov, from tcuvrm, an initiate, µfew, to shut the mouth)

mystery is hidden from the See also:

• LAY

lay See also:

• PEOPLE

people . In the West the high See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar was moved to the east end (the presbyterium) with a space before it for the assisting deacons and subdeacons (the See also:

• CHANCEL (through O. Fr. from Lat. plur. cancelli, dim. of cancer, grating, lattice, probably connected with an Indo-European root Kar-, to bend; cf. circus, curve, &c.)

chancel proper) railed off as a spot peculiarly holy (now usually called the See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary) ; between this and the See also:

• NAVE

nave, where the laity were, was the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir, with seats for the clergy on either See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side . The whole of this space (sanctuary and choir) came to be known as the " chancel." This was divided from the nave, sometimes by an See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch forming part of the structure of the building, sometimes by a screen, or by steps, sometimes by all three (see CHANCEL) . The See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of churches into chancel and nave, the outcome of the sacramental and sacerdotal spirit of the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic Church,°may be taken as generally typical of church construction in the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval West, though there were exceptions, e.g. the See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round churches of the See also:

• TEMPLARS

Templars . There were, however, further changes, the result partly of doctrinal developments, partly of that See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion for symbolism which by the 13th century had completed the See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution of the Catholic ritual . Transepts were added, to give to the ground-See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of the building the figure of the See also:

• CROSS

cross . The insistence on the unique efficacy of the See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice of the altar led to the multiplication of masses, and so of altars, which were placed in the transepts or aisles or in chapels, dedicated to the saints whose See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics they enshrined . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of these subsidiary chapels, that of the Blessed Virgin (or See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel), behind the high altar, was often of large See also:

• SIZE

size . Finally, for the convenience of processions, the nave and chancel aisles were carried round behind the high altar as ambulatories .

The Romanesque churches, still reminiscent of See also:

• ANTIQUE (Lat. antiquus, old)

antique models, had preserved all the simplicity of the ancient basilicas with much more than their grandeur; but the See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste for religious symbolism which culminated in the 13th century, and the imaginative See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius of the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern peoples, transformed them into the marvellous dreams in See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone of the " See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic " See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . Churches now became, in See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form and decoration, epitomes of the Christian See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of salvation as the middle ages understood it . In the plan of the buildings and their decoration everything still remained subordinate to the high altar; but though on this and its surroundings See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament was most lavishly expended, the churches—wherever See also:

• WEALTH

wealth permitted—were covered within and without with See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture or See also:

• PAINTING

painting: scenes from the Old and New Testaments, from the lives of saints, even from every-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day See also:

• LIFE

life; figures of the Almighty, of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ, of the Virgin See also:

• MOTHER

Mother, of apostles, saints, confessors; pictures of the joys of See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven and the torments of See also:

• HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

hell; and outside, grimacing from every See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle, demons and goblins, amusing enough to us but terrible to the age that set them there, visible embodiments of the evil See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits driven from within the sacred building by the efficacy of the holy See also:

• RITES

rites . In considering the origins of medieval churches, moreover, it must be See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne in mind that as a general rule their builders were not actuated by the motives usual in modern times, at least among Protestants . The size of churches was not determined by the needs of See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population but by the piety and wealth of the founders; and the same applies to their number . Often they were founded as acts of propitiation of the Almighty or of the saints, and the greater their size and splendour the more effective they were held to be for their purpose . See also:

• LOCAL

Local rivalry, too, played a large part, one wealthy abbey building " against " another, much in the same way as modern business houses endeavour to outshine each other in the magnificence of their buildings . Of all the mixed motives that went to the evolution of church architecture in the middle ages, this rivalry in ostentation was probably the most fertile in the creation of new forms . A See also:

• VOLUME

volume might be written on the economic effects of this locking up of vast See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital in unproductive buildings . In Catholic countries (notably in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland) See also:

• GREAT

great churches are still built out of the savings of a poverty-stricken peasantry; and from this point of view the destruction of churches in the 16th century was probably a benefit to the See also:

• WORLD

world . This, however, is a See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration altogether See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien to the Christian spirit, the aspiration of which is to lay up treasures not on See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth but in heaven . The See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation was a fateful See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of church architecture .

The substitution of the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible for the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

Mass destroyed the raison d'etre of churches as the middle ages had made them . Pictures and stories, carved or painted, seemed no longer necessary now that the open Bible was in the hands of the See also:

• COMMON

common people; they had been too often prostituted, moreover, to idolatrous uses,—and " See also:

• IDOLATRY

idolatry " was the worst of blasphemies. to the re-discoverers of the Old Testament . See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

Save in some parts of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, where the influence of See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther saved the churches from See also:

• WRECK

wreck, an iconoclastic See also:

• WAVE

wave spread over the greater part of Western See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, wherever the " new See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion " prevailed; everywhere churches were cleared of images and reduced to the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of those described by See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• HARRISON
• HARRISON, BENJAMIN
• HARRISON, FREDERIC (1831— )
• HARRISON, JOHN (1693—1776)
• HARRISON, THOMAS (16o6-166o)
• HARRISON, THOMAS ALEXANDER (1853– )
• HARRISON, WILLIAM (1534–1593)
• HARRISON, WILLIAM HENRY (1773–1841)

Harrison in his Description of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England (1590), only the " pictures in See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass " being suffered in some cases to survive for a while " by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of the extreme cost of replacing them." The structures of the churches, however, remained; and these, even in countries which departed furthest from the Catholic See also:

• SYSTEM

system, served in some measure to keep its tradition alive . Protestantism has, indeed, produced a distinctive church architecture, i.e. the conventicle type, favoured more especially by the so-called " See also:

• FREE

Free Churches." Its distinctive features are See also:

• PULPIT (from Lat. pulpitum, a staging, platform: equivalents are Fr. chaire d'eglise, Ital. pulpito, Ger. Kanzel)

pulpit and auditorium, and it is symbolical of the complete equality of ministers and congregation . In general, however, Protestant builders have been content to preserve or to adapt the traditional models . It would be interesting in this connexion to trace the See also:

• REVERSE

reverse effect of church architecture upon church doctrine . In England, for instance, the chancels were for the most part disused after the Reformation (see Harrison, op. cit.), but presently they came into use again, and on the Catholic revival in the Church of England in the 19th century it is certain that the medieval churches exercised an influence by giving a sense of fitness, which might otherwise have been lacking, to the restoration of medieval ritual . A similar tendency has of See also:

• LATE

late years been displayed in the Established Church of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland . Churches, as the outcome of the organization of the Catholic Church, are divided into classes as " See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral," " conventual "and " collegiate," " parochial " and " See also:

• DISTRICT

district " churches . It .must be noted, however, that the See also:

• TERM

term cathedral (q.v.), ecclesiastically applicable to any church which happens to be a See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop's see, architecturally connotes a certain size and dignity, and is sometimes applied to churches which have never been, or have See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long ceased to be, bishop's seats . (W . A .

P.) (2) The Religious Community.—In the sense of Christian community (ecclesia) the word " Church " is applied in a narrow sense to any one of the numerous separate organizations into which Christendom is divided (e.g . Roman Catholic Church, Orthodox Eastern Church, Church of England, Evangelical [Lutheran] Church)—these are dealt with under their several headings—and in a comprehensive sense (with which we are now concerned) to the general See also:

• BODY

body of all those " who profess and See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call themselves Christians." Religion, according to the old See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition, is the See also:

• BOND
• BOND, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1815-1898)

bond which binds the soul of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man to God.' It begins as the relation of a tribe to its God . See also:

• PERSONAL

Personal religious conviction grows out of the tribal (corporate) religious bond . But the social See also:

• INSTINCT

instinct is strong . Men owning the same religious convictions will naturally draw together into some sort of association . Using the word religion to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover all the imperfect ways in which men have See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt after God, we See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note that in every See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case men have found the need alike of a teacher and of fellowship . Thus the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of a church as " the See also:

• PILLAR (0. Fr. piler, Mod. pilier, Late Lat. pilare, from pila, column)

pillar and ground of the truth " (1 Tim. iii . 15) corresponds to some of the See also:

• PRIMARY

primary needs of man . Even at See also:

• STONEHENGE (Sax. Slanhengist, hanging stones)

Stonehenge, the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest relic of prehistoric religion in England, where we picture in See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination the worship of the rising See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun, nature worship degraded to a horrible See also:

• DEPTH

depth by human sacrifice, we find struggling for expression the idea of a corporate religious life . From all the See also:

• LOWER

lower levels where superstition and See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty reign, from the depths of fear inspired by fetichism, we look on to the higher level of Judaism as the progressive religion of the old world . This does not mean that we shut our eyes to the ideals of Greek philosophers, with whom morality was constantly outgrowing religion . " The See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision of an ideal state which the See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master-mind of See also:

• PLATO

Plato contemplated, but thought too See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good ever to become true in actual realization, is full of aspirations which the Christian Church claims to satisfy .

The problems of the relations of the life of the State and the life of the individual, which See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle ever suggests and never solves, are problems with which the Christian Church has at least attempted to See also:

• DEAL

deal."2 From the beginning of the history of the Jewish See also:

• RACE

race the idea that the world is a See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom under the rule of God began to find expression . The conception of See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel as "a kingdom of priests and an holy nation " (Exod. xix . 6) See also:

• BORE

bore See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness to it . The idea of kingship from the first was that of a ruler representing God . As See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time went on and even the See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty of See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David failed in the persons of unworthy representatives to maintain this ideal, both psalmists and prophets taught the people to look beyond the earthly kingdom to the spiritual kingdom of which it was a type . But even See also:

• ISAIAH
• ISAIAH, ASCENSION OF

Isaiah tended to think of the spiritual life and worship of the nation as a See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• POLITICAL

political organization only, controlled by the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king and his princes . It was reserved for See also:

• JEREMIAH

Jeremiah, in the darkest days of his life, to build up the ideal of a spiritual society which should weld Israel together, to proclaim a new See also:

• COVENANT
• COVENANT (an O. Fr. form, later convenant, from convenir, to agree, Lat. convenire)

covenant (xxxi . 31-34) which See also:

• JEHOVAH (YAHWEH2)

Jehovah would make with Israel when representatives of the previously exiled ten tribes should return with the exiles of See also:

• JUDAH

Judah . This prophecy is instinct with the growing sense of the personal responsibility of individual men brought into communion with God . The religion of Israel from this time of the captivity ceased to be a merely See also:

• NATIONAL

national religion connected with particular forms of sacrifice in a particular See also:

• LAND

land . The synagogues which traced their origin to the time of See also:

• EZEKIEL (SKpm', " God strengthens" or " God is strong "; Sept. 'IE'EKL?)X; Vulg. Ezechiel)

Ezekiel, when the sacrificial cultus was impossible, extended this ideal yet further . During the centuries preceding the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of Christ there See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up an apocalyptic literature which regarded as a primary truth the conception of a 1 Lactantius, Inst .

Div. iv . 28 " Vinculo pietatis obstricti, Den religati sumus unde ipsa religio nomen accepit." The See also:

• ETYMOLOGY (Gr. grvµos, true, and X6yos, "account)

etymology may be wrong, but this is the popular sense of the word . Darwell Stone, The Christian Church, p . 18 . kingdom of righteousness ruled over by a See also:

• PRESENT

present God . The See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John the Baptist was thus in sympathy with the. ideals of his See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation, though the sternness of the repentance which he set forth as the necessary preparation for entrance into the new kingdom of heaven, which was to be made visible on earth, was not less repugnant to the men of his day than of later times . Christ's own teaching and that of his disciples began with the See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation of the kingdom of God (or of heaven) (See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke iv . 43, viii . 1, ix . 2; Matt . X . 7) .

That he intended it to find outward expression in a visible society appears from the careful way in which he trained the apostles to become leaders hereafter, crowning that work by the institution of the sacraments of ; See also:

• BAPTISM

baptism and the See also:

• EUCHARIST (Gr. evXapurria, thanksgiving)

Eucharist . " It was not from See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

accident or for convenience that Christ formed a society." 1 His parables even more than his sermons reveal the principles of his endeavour . But he seldom used the word ecclesia, church, which became the universal designation of his society . All the more emphatic is Christ's use of the term ecclesia upon the distinct advance in faith made by the apostles when St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter as their spokesman confessed him to be " the Christ, the Son of the living God " (Matt. xvi . 16) . Instantly came the reply, " I say unto thee, that See also:

• THOU, JACQUES AUGUSTE DE [THUANUS] (1553-1617)
• THOU, NOM

thou See also:

• ART

art Petros (rockman), and on this See also:

• PETRA (r)

Petra (See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock) I will build my ecclesia (church); and the See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates of Hades shall not prevail against it." On the rock of a human See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, ennobled by faith in his divine Sonship, he could raise the church of the future, which should be at the same time continuous with the old, new in spiritual See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, one in worship and in work . To the See also:

• JEW, THE WANDERING

Jew the word ecclesia as used in the See also:

• SEPTUAGINT, THE (Gr. of 0', Lat. LXX.)

Septuagint suggested the assembly of the congregation of Israel . To a Greek it suggested the assembly of freeborn citizens in a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city state . Without ceasing to be the congregation of Jehovah, it would claim for itself all the hopes of an ideal state over which Greek philosophers had sighed in vain . Opinions differ upon the question whether the apostles were chosen as representatives of the ecclesia to be founded (Hoyt) or as men fitted to become its duly authorized teachers and leaders from the beginning (Stone) . But as Mr Stone well puts it, It would not be a necessary inference [from Dr See also:

• HORT, FENTON JOHN ANTHONY (1828–1892)

Hort's See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion] that there ought to be no See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry in the Christian Church." 2 At first the church was limited to the Christian believers in the city of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem, then by persecution their See also:

• COMPANY

company was broken up, and, since those who were scattered went everywhere preaching the word, the conception was enlarged to include all " of the way " (Acts ix . 2) in the Holy Land .

A new epoch began from the return of St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul and St See also:

• BARNABAS

Barnabas to See also:

• ANTIOCH

Antioch after their first missionary See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey, when they called together the church and narrated their experiences, and told how " God had opened to the Gentiles the See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door of faith " (Acts xiv . 27) . Hitherto the term Church had been " ideally conterminous " with the Jewish Church . Now it was to contain members who had never in any sense belonged to the Jewish Church . Thus the way was opened for new developments and for illimitable See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension . St Paul, in his address to the elders at See also:

• EPHESUS
• EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF

Ephesus (Acts xx . 28), adapted the words of Ps. lxxiv . 2, " Remember thy congregation, which thou hast See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased of old," claiming for the Christian ecclesia the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of God's ancient ecclesia . But he never, how-ever fiercely opposed by Judaizers, set a new ecclesia of Christ in opposition to the old . We wait, however, for the Epistles of his captivity at Rome to find the full meaning of the idea of the church dawning uoon his imagination . "Here at least, for the first time in the Acts and Epistles, we have the ecclesia spoken of in the sense of the one universal ecclesia, and it comes more from the theological than from the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical side; i.e. less from the actual circumstances of the actual Christian communities than from a development of thoughts respecting the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place and See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of the Son of God: his headship was felt to involve the unity of all those who were See also:

• UNITED

united to him." 3 Similar development of the idea of the one ecclesia as including all members of all local 1 Ecce Homo, ed . 5, p .

87 . Cf. the interesting comparison between See also:

• SOCRATES

Socrates and Christ . s Op. cit. p . 262 . Hort . The Christian Eccletia. p . 148.ecclesiae does not See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead St Paul to regard membership of the universal church as invisible . But the mere history of the word ecclesia does not exhaust the subject . We must take into See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account not only the idea of the visible actual church, but also the ideal pictured by St Paul in the metaphors of the Body (Rom. xii . 5), the Temple (1 See also:

• COR

Cor. iii . 10-15) and the See also:

• BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

Bride of Christ (2 Cor. xi . 2) .

The actual church is always falling See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short of its profession; but its successive reformations witness to the strength of its longing after the beauty of holiness . Membership in the actual church is acquired through baptism " in the name of the See also:

• FATHER

Father and of the Son and of the Holy See also:

• GHOST (a word common to the W. Teutonic languages; O.E. vest, Dutch, 'geest, Ger. Geist)

Ghost " (Matt. See also:

• XXVIII

xxviii . 19) . The references in the New Testament to baptism " in the name of Jesus " (or the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Jesus) (Acts ii . 38, viii . 16, x . 48, xix . 5; Rom. vi . 3; Gal. iii . 27), which are by some critics taken to refer to a See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive Christological baptismal See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula, seem to refer to the See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession made by the baptized, or to the new relationship into which they are brought as " members of Christ."" Candidates for baptism were exhorted to prepare for it by repentance and faith (Acts ii . 38) . The laying on of hands (Heb. vi .

2), in the rite called in later times See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation, followed baptism (Acts viii . 17) . In the modern Greek Church it is administered by priests with oil which has been consecrated by the bishop, in the Roman Church by the bishop himself . Such use of the See also:

• CHRISM (through Lat. chrisma, from Gr. xpavua, an anointing substance, Xpiew , to anoint; through a Romanic form cresma comes the Fr. creme, and Eng. " cream ")

chrism can be traced from the 2nd century . The See also:

• ANGLICAN

Anglican Church retains only the Biblical symbolism of " the blessing of the See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand." Presbyterians and other Protestant churches have abandoned the use, except the See also:

• LUTHERANS

Lutherans . We need not here trace the history of Christian worship, in daily services (Acts ii . 46), or on the Lord's Day (Acts xx . 7), See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting for the Lord's Supper (r Cor. xi . 17-34), or for mutual edification in See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer, praise and prophecy (1 Cor. xiv.) . These things represent the ideal of Christendom . In the words of an eminent Roman Catholic See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar, See also:

• MONSIGNOR (It. monsignore, my lord)

Monsignor See also:

• DUCHESNE, LOUIS MARIE OLIVIER (1843– )

Duchesne, " Faith unites, See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology of ten'separates." It must be our task to summarize the leading ideas of the church in which all Christians are agreed . (a) The first is certainly fellowship with Christ and with the brethren .

The early Christians earnestly believed that their life was "hidden with Christ in God " (See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

Col. iii . 3), and found in their See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union with Christ the lasting and strongest See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive of love ,to the brethren . Such fellowship is attributed by St Paul pre-eminently to the work of the Holy Spirit (2 Cor. xiii . 14) . Its strength is shown in England in the growing readiness of the different religious bodies to co-operate in movements for the purifying of public morality and for the better observance of See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday . (b) The second is unity . We have seen how St . Paul was led on to grasp the conception of one church universal manifested in all the local churches . Its unity is not purely accidental in that individuals have been forced to act together under pressure of See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance circumstances . Nor is the ideal of unity adopted simply because experience teaches that " union is strength." Nor is it even based on the philosophical conception of the incompleteness of the individual life . As Dr Sanday finely says, " If the church is in something more than mere See also:

• METAPHOR

metaphor the Body of Christ, if there is circulating through it a continual flow and return of spiritual forces, derived directly from him, if the Spirit which animates the Body is one, then the Body itself also must be in essence one . It has its centre not on earth but in heavenly places, where Christ sitteth at the right hand of God."5 (c) Thirdly, there is no question that the Lord intended the one fellowship of his saints to be a visible fellowship .

The idea of an invisible church has only commended itself in dark See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours when men despaired of unity even as an ideal . The view of See also:

• ZWINGLI, HULDREICH (1484—1531)

Zwingli and See also:

• CALVIN, JOHN (1509-1564)

Calvin in the 16th century was not by any means acceptable to other reformers . Luther distinguished between the Spiritual Church, which he identified with the Communion of Saints, and the Corporeal Church, the outward marks of which are Baptism, See also:

• SACRAMENT

Sacrament and See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel . But he regarded them " For a full See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the authenticity of Matt. xxviii . 19, see R iggenhach, Der trinitarische Taufbefehl(Giitersloh, 1903) . S The Conception of Priesthood, p . 13 . as different aspects of the same church, and See also:

• MELANCHTHON, FHILIPP (1497–155o)

Melanchthon was even more explicit.' As the See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint purified in heaven is he who struggled with his sins on earth, so is the church triumphant one with the church militant . In Dr See also:

• LINDSAY

Lindsay's words, " it is one of the privileges of faith, when strengthened by See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope and by love, to see the glorious ideal in the somewhat poor material reality . It was thus that St Paul saw the universal Church of Christ made visible in the Christian community of See also:

• CORINTH
• CORINTH, ISTHMUS OF

Corinth."2 But it is at this point that we come to the dividing See also:

• LINE

line which has been See also:

• DRAWN

drawn by different conceptions of catholicity . Dr Lindsay goes on to argue that all insistence on the principle of historical continuity, whether urged by members of the Anglican or the Roman Catholic Church, as upholders of See also:

• EPISCOPACY (from Late Lat. episcopatus, the office of a bishop, episcopas)

episcopacy, is a deliberate return to the principle of Judaism, which declared that no one who was outside the circle of the " circumcised," no See also:

• MATTER

matter how strong his faith nor how the fruits of the Spirit were See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest in his life and deeds, could plead " the See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security of the Divine Covenant." Without entering into controversy it must suffice to point out that, from the point of view of all episcopal churches, the ministry of the bishops succeeding the ministry of the apostles, however it came to pass, was for fifteen centuries accepted as the See also:

• PLEDGE

pledge of unity . This principle, how-ever, of continuity in ministry, belongs to a different department of Christian thought from the sacrament of baptism, which really corresponds to the Jewish rites of See also:

• ADMISSION

admission to the covenant .

And it has been an established principle of the undivided church since the 3rd century, the bishop of Rome in this case upholding against St See also:

• CYPRIAN, SAINT [Caecilius Cyprianus, called THASCIUS] (c. 200–258)

Cyprian the view which subsequent generations have ratified as Catholic truth, that baptism by whomsoever administered is valid if See also:

• WATER

water is used with the right words . From this point, alas, divergence begins . (d) The See also:

• FOURTH

fourth See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element is authority . Probably all Christians can agree in the statement that the Christian See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

democracy is also a See also:

• THEOCRACY (Gr. Oeoeparia, the rule of God, from Oebr, god, and -Kparca, Kpare v, to rule)

theocracy, that Christ is the source of all authority . There are three passages in the Gospel which claim See also:

• NOTICE

notice: (i.) the promise to St Peter (Matt. xvi.18 f) , as spokesman for the apostles, of the See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key of the See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household of God, of power to admit and exclude; (ii.) the promise (Matt. xviii . 15-20) probably given to the Twelve, regarding offences against the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of the society, advocating exclusion only when brotherly appeals had failed; (iii.) the See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission of the whole ecclesia or of the Christian ministry (John xx . 22, 23) . Again the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root difference between the Presbyterian and Episcopalian conceptions of the church comes to See also:

• LIGHT

light . Is the authority of the church manifested in the decisions which a local church arrives at by a See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of votes, or in the decisions of apostles and prophets after taking counsel, of the episcopate in later times, ratified by common consent of Christendom ? As has been well said, " the church is primarily a witness—the strength of its authority lies in the many sides from which the witness comes." It witnesses to the Divine Life of Christ as a power of the present and of the future as of the past, ministered in the Word and sacraments . (e) The church is a sacerdotal society . St Paul delighted to represent it as the " ideal Israel," and St John echoes the thought in the words of praise (Rev. i .

5, 6), " Unto him that hath loved us . . . and made us to be a kingdom, and priests unto his God and Father." This idea of the priesthood of the whole church has three elements—the divine element, the human element and self-sacrifice . The promise that Christians should be temples of the living God has been fulfilled . As Dr See also:

• MILLIGAN, WILLIAM (1821-1892)

Milligan has said very well, " It is not only in things to which we commonly confine the word See also:

• MIRACLE (Lat. miraculum, from mirari, to wonder)

miracle that the Divine appears . It may appear not less in the whole See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone and spirit of the Church's life, in the varied Christian virtues of her members, in the general character of their Christian work, and in the See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace received by them in the Christian sacraments . When that life is exhibited, as it ought to be, in its distinctively heavenly character, it bears witness to the presence of a power in Christian men which no mere recollection of a past example, however heroic or beautiful, The Conception of Priesthood, p . 29 . 2 Lindsay, The Church and the Ministry in the Early Centuries, p . 17.can See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply . The difficulties of exhibiting and maintaining it are probably far greater now than they were in the apostolic age; and as nothing but a present divine support can enable us to overcome these, so, when they are overcome, a testimony is given to the fact that God is with us." 3 But this life is to be a human life still, to be in See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with all that is See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble and of good See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report in art and literature, keenly interested in all the discoveries of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, active in all movements of social progress . It cannot, however, be denied that to live such a life, divine in its powers and human in its sympathies, demands daily and hourly self-sacrifice . As the author of the See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

Imitation of Christ put it long ago, " There is no living in love without See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain." The thought of self-sacrifice has been emphasized from the earliest times in the liturgies .

By a true instinct the early Christian writers called widows and orphans the altar of God on which the sacrifices of almsgiving are offered up.4 Such See also:

• WORKS

works of charity, however, represent only one of the channels by which self-sacrifice is ministered, to which all prayers and thanksgiving and instruction of See also:

• PSALMS, BOOK
• PSALMS, BOOK OF, or PSALTER

psalms, prophecy and preaching contribute . Thus in the Eucharist the offering of the church is made one with the offering of the Great High See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

Priest.6 All this represents an ideal . It suggests in a modern form the perpetual See also:

• PARADOX (Gr. treat, beyond, contrary to, Sofia, opinion)

paradox of the Christian life: we are what we are to be . The church is the divine society in which all other religious associations are eventually to find their See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home . The prayer, " Thy kingdom come," embraces all spiritual forces which make for righteousness . They were acknowledged in Christ's words, " He that is not against you is for you (Luke ix . 5o) . But the divisions of Christendom testify to the harm done by undue insistence on the claims of the individual to gain See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope to extend the kingdom in his own way . As in a choir all the resources o1 an individual See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice are used to strengthen the general effect, so must the individual lose his life that he may find it, witnessing by his See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the common service of the church to the ultimate unity of knowledge and See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony of truth . For the various conceptions of the church as an organized body see CHURCH HISTORY, sec . 3, and the articles on the various churches . (A .

E .