See also:

• CHURL (A.S. ceorl, cognate with the Ger. Kerl and with similar words in other Teutonic languages)

CHURL (A.S. ceorl, cognate with the Ger. Kerl and with similar words in other See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages)  , one of the two See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main classes, eorl and ceorl, into which in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Anglo-Saxon society the freemen appear to have been divided . In the course of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the status of the ceorl was probably reduced; but although his See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power was never large, and in some directions his freedom was restricted, it hardly seems possible previous to the See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest to class him among the unfree . Some authorities, however, accept this view . At all events it is certain that the ceorl was frequently a holder of See also:

• LAND

land, and a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of some position, and that he could attain the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of a See also:

• THEGN, or THANE

thegn . Except in See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent his See also:

• WERGILD, WERGELD

wergild was fixed at two See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred shillings, or one-See also:

• SIXTH

sixth of that of a thegn, and he is undoubtedly the twyhynde See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of Anglo-Saxon See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . In Kent his wergild was considerably higher, and his status probably also, but his position in this See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom is a See also:

• MATTER

matter of controversy . After the Norman Conquest the ceorls were reduced to a See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of See also:

• SERVITUDE (Lat. servitus, from service, to serve)

servitude, and the word translates the villanus of Domesday See also:

• BOOK

Book, although it also covers classes other than the See also:

• VILLANI, GIOVANNI (c. 1245-1348)

villani . The See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form ceorl soon became cherl, as in Havelok the Dane (ante 1300) and several times in See also:

• CHAUCER, GEOFFREY (? 1340-1400)

Chaucer, and subsequently See also:

• CHURL (A.S. ceorl, cognate with the Ger. Kerl and with similar words in other Teutonic languages)

churl . Taking a less technical sense than the ceorl of Anglo-Saxon law, churl, or cherl was used in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general to mean a " man," and more particularly a " See also:

• HUSBAND

husband." In this sense it was employed about r000 in a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the New Testamert to render the word &vile (See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John iv . 16, 18) . It was then employed to describe a " See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant," and gradually began to denote undesirable qualities . Hence comes the See also:

• MODERN

modern use of the word for a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born or vulgar person, particularly one with an unpleasant, surly or miserly See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character .

See H . M . See also:

• CHADWICK, SIR EDWIN (18o0-1890)

Chadwick, Studies on Anglo-Saxon Institutions (See also:

• CAM (CAO), DIOGO (fl. 1480-1486)

Cam-See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge, 1905) ; F . Seebohm, Tribal See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

Custom in Anglo-Saxon Law' (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1902) .