See also:

• CIMON [Kiµwp] (c. 507-449)

CIMON [Kiµwp] (c. 507-449)  , Athenian statesman and See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, was the son of See also:

• MILTIADES

Miltiades (q.v.) and Hegesipyle, daughter of the Thracian See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince Olorus . Miltiades died in disgrace, leaving unpaid the See also:

• FINE

fine imposed upon him for his conduct at See also:

• PAROS, or PARO

Paros . See also:

• CIMON [Kiµwp] (c. 507-449)

Cimon's first task in See also:

• LIFE

life, therefore, was to remove the stain on the See also:

• FAMILY

family name by paying this fine (about £12,000) . In the second See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian invasion, especially at See also:

• SALAMIS

Salamis, and in the consolidation of the Delian See also:

• LEAGUE

League, he won a high reputation for courage and integrity . At first with See also:

• ARISTIDES
• ARISTIDES ['Apuvrei817s] (c. 530—468 B.C.)
• ARISTIDES, AELIUS
• ARISTIDES, APOLOGY OF
• ARISTIDES, QUINTILIANUS

Aristides, and afterwards as See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

• COMMANDER

commander, he directed the Athenian contingent of the See also:

• FLEET

fleet; on the disgrace of See also:

• PAUSANIAS

Pausanias he practically commanded the entire See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek fleet and drove Pausanias from his See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat in See also:

• BYZANTIUM

Byzantium . Having captured Eion (at the mouth of the Strymon), he expelled the Persian garrisons from the entire See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of See also:

• THRACE

Thrace with the exception of Doriscus, and, having defeated the piratical Dolopians of See also:

• SCYROS

Scyros (470), confirmed his popularity by transferring thence to See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens the supposed bones of the See also:

• ATTIC (i.e. "in the Attic style ")

Attic See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero See also:

• THESEUS

Theseus . The bones were buried in Athens, and over the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb the Theseum (See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple) was erected . In 466 Cimon proceeded to liberate the Greek cities of See also:

• LYCIA

Lycia and See also:

• PAMPHYLIA

Pamphylia, and at the mouth of the See also:

• EURYMEDON

Eurymedon he defeated the Persians decisively by See also:

• LAND

land and sea . The Persian danger was now over, and the immediate purpose of the Delian League was achieved . Already, however, Athens had introduced the policy of See also:

• COERCION (from Lat. coercere, to restrain)
• COERCION, CONTRACT

coercion which was to transform the league into an See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, a policy which, after the See also:

• OSTRACISM

ostracism of See also:

• THEMISTOCLES (c. 514-449 B.C.)

Themistocles and the See also:

• DEATH

death of Aristides, must be attributed to Cimon, whose fundamental See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea was the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of the Greeks against all outsiders (see DELIAN LEAGUE) . Carystus was compelled to join the league; See also:

• NAXOS

Naxos (c . 469) and See also:

• THASOS

Thasos (465–463), which had revolted, were compelled to accept the position of tributary See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies .

In 464 See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta was involved in See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with her See also:

• HELOTS (Gr. eYAwres or eiXiorat)

Helots (principally of Messenian origin) and was in See also:

• GREAT

great difficulties . Cimon, then the most prominent See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man in Athens, persuaded the Athenians to send assistance, on the ground that Athens could not " stand without her yoke-See also:

• FELLOW

fellow " and leave " Hellas lame." The expedition was a failure, and Cimon was exposed to the attacks of the democrats led by Ephialtes . The See also:

• HISTORY

history of this party struggle is not clear . The See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account is that Ephialtes during Cimon's See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence in See also:

• MESSENIA (Gr. M€ rcr vrl or M€o o vta)

Messenia destroyed the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of the See also:

• AREOPAGUS ("Apews Ilayos)

Areopagus (q.v.) and then obtained the ostracism of Cimon, who attempted to See also:

• REVERSE

reverse his policy . Without going fully into the question, which is full of difficulty, it may be pointed out (1) that when the Messenian expedition started Cimon had twice within the preceding See also:

• YEAR

year triumphed over the opposition of Ephialtes, and (2) that presumably the Cimonian party was predominant until after the expedition proved a failure . It is therefore unlikely that, immediately after Cimon's See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph in obtaining permission to go to Messenia, Ephialtes was able to attack the Areopagus with success . The See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability is that when the expedition failed, Cimon was ostracized, and that then Ephialtes defeated the Areopagus, and also made a See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign policy by making alliances with Sparta's enemies, See also:

• ARGOS

Argos and See also:

• THESSALY

Thessaly . This See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis alone explains the absence of any account of a third struggle between Cimon and Ephialtes over the Areopagus . The See also:

• CHRONOLOGY (Gr. xpovo?oyfa, computation of time, xp6vos)

chronology would thus be: ostracism of Cimon, See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring, 461; fall of the Areopagus and reversal of See also:

• PHILO
• PHILO, HERENNIUS

Philo-Laconian policy, summer, 461 . A more difficult question is involved in the date of Cimon's return from ostracism . The ordinary account says that he was recalled after the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Tanagra (457) to negotiate the Five Years' Truce (451 or 450) . To ignore the unexplained See also:

• INTERVAL

interval of six or seven years is an uncritical expedient, which, however, has been adopted by many writers .

Some maintaining that Cimon did return soon after 457, say that the truce which he arranged was really the four months' truce recorded by Diodorus (only) . To this there are two See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main objections: (1) if Cimon returned in 457, why does the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of antiquity connect his return specifically with the truce of 451? and (2) why does he after.457 disappear for six years and return again to negotiate the Five Years' Truce and to command the expedition to See also:

• CYPRUS
• CYPRUS, CHURCH OF

Cyprus ? It seems much more likely that he returned in 451, at the very See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when Athens returned to his old policy of friendship with Sparta and war in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East against See also:

• PERSIA

Persia (i.e. the Cyprus expedition) . Thus it would appear that from 453 onwards there was a recrudescence of conservative See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, and that for four years (453–449) See also:

• PERICLES (49o-429 B.C.)

Pericles was not See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master in Athens (see PERICLES) ; this theory is corroborated by the fact that Pericles, in the alarm caused by the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian failure of 454, was induced to remove the Delian See also:

• TREASURY

treasury to Athens and to abandon his See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-Spartan policy of land empire . Cimon died in Cyprus before the walls of See also:

• CITIUM (Gr. Kition)

Citium (449), and was buried in Athens . Later Attic orators speak in glowing terms of a " See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

Peace " between Athens and Persia, which is sometimes connected with the name of Cimon and sometimes with that of one See also:

• CALLIAS

Callias . If any such peace was concluded, it cannot have been soon after the battle of the Eurymedon as See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch assumes . It can have been only after Cimon's death and the evacuation of Cyprus (i.e. c . 448) . It is only in this See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form that the view has been maintained logically in See also:

• MODERN

modern times . Apart from the fact that the peace is ignored by See also:

• THUCYDIDES (OovavMns)

Thucydides and that the earliest reference to it is the passage in Isocrates (Paneg . 118 and 120), there are weighty reasons which render it improbable that any formal peace can have been concluded at that See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period between Athens and Persia (see further Ed .

See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer's Forschungen, ii.) . Cimon's services in connexion with the consolidation of the Empire See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank with those of Themistocles and Aristides . He is described as genial, brave and generous . He threw open his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house and gardens to his fellow-demesmen, and beautified the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city with trees and buildings . But as a statesman he failed to See also:

• COPE
• COPE (M.E. cape, cope, from Med. Lat. capa, cappa)
• COPE, EDWARD DRINKER (1840-1897)
• COPE, EDWARD MEREDITH (1818-1873)

cope with the new conditions created by the See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

democracy of See also:

• CLEISTHENES

Cleisthenes . The one great principle for which he is memorable is that of the See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance of See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power between Athens and Sparta, as respectively the See also:

• NAVAL

naval and military leaders of a See also:

• UNITED

united Hellas . It has been the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom to regard Cimon as a man of little culture and refinement . It is clear, however, from his See also:

• DESIRE

desire to adorn the city, that he was by no means without culture and See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination . The truth is that, as in politics, so irreducation and attitude of mind, he represented the ideals of an See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age which, in the new See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere of democratic Athens, seemed to savour of rusticity and lack of See also:

• EDUCATION

education . The lives of Cimon by Plutarch and See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius See also:

• NEPOS, CORNELIUS (c. 99–24 B.C.)
• NEPOS, JULIUS

Nepos are uncritical; the conclusicns above expressed are derived from a comparison of Plutarch, Cimon, 17, Pericles, Io; See also:

• THEOPOMPUS (b. c. 380)

Theopompus, fragm . 92; See also:

• ANDOCIDES

Andocides, de See also:

• PACE (through O. Fr. pas, from Lat. passus, step, properly the stretch of the leg in walking, from pandere, to stretch)
• PACE, RICHARD (c. 1482-1536)

Pace, §§ 3, 4; Diodorus xi . 86 (the four months' truce) .

See histories of See also:

• GREECE

Greece (e.g . See also:

• GROTE, GEORGE (1794–1871)

Grote, ed . 1907, I vol.) ; also PERICI ES; DELIAN LEAGUE, with See also:

• WORKS

works quoted . (J . M .