See also:

• CIRCUS (Lat. circus, Gr. Kipeos or Kptxot, a ring or' circle; probably " circus " and " ring " are of the same origin)

CIRCUS (See also:

• LAT

Lat. circus, Gr. Kipeos or Kptxot, a See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring or' circle; probably " circus " and " ring " are of the same origin)  , a space, in the strict sense circular, but sometimes See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval or even oblong, intended for the See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition of races and athletic contests generally . The See also:

• CIRCUS (Lat. circus, Gr. Kipeos or Kptxot, a ring or' circle; probably " circus " and " ring " are of the same origin)

circus differs from the See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre inasmuch as the performance takes See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in a central circular space; not on a See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage at one end of the See also:

• BUILDING

building . 1 . In See also:

• ROMAN

Roman antiquities the circus was a building for the exhibition of See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse and See also:

• CHARIOT (derived from an O. Fr. word, formed from char, a car)

chariot races and other amusements . It consisted of tiers of seats See also:

• RUNNING

running parallel with the sides of the course, and forming a See also:

• CRESCENT (Lat. crescens, growing)

crescent See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round one of the ends . The other end was straight and at right angles to the course, so that the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of the whole had nearly the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of an See also:

• ELLIPSE (adapted from Gr. EXkei 'tc, a deficiency, iXXeirely, to fall behind)

ellipse cut in See also:

• HALF

half at its See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis . Along the transverse axis ran a fence (See also:

• SPINA (Lat. for a thorn, or prickle, also backbone, whence spine)

spina) separating the return course from the starting one . The straight end had no seats, but was occupied by the stalls (tarceres) where the chariots and horses were held in readiness . This end constituted also the front of the building with the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main entrance . At each end of the course were three conical pillars (melee) to See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark its limits . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest building of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome was the Circus See also:

• MAXIMUS
• MAXIMUS, ST (c. 58o-662)

Maximus, in the valley between the See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

Palatine and Aventine hills, where, before the erection of any permanent structure, races appear to have been held beside the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar of the See also:

• GOD

god See also:

• CONSUS

Consus . The first building is assigned to Tarquin the younger, but for a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time little seems to have been done to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete its See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation, since it is not till 329 B.C. that we hear of stalls being erected for the chariots and horses .

It was not in fact till under the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire that the circus became a conspicuous public resort . See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar enlarged it to some extent, and also made a See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal to ft. broad between the lowest tier of seats (See also:

• PODIUM (Gr. lr66tov, diminutive of ?roils, foot)

podium) and the course as a precaution for the spectators' safety when exhibitions of fighting with See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild beasts, such as were afterwards confined to the See also:

• AMPHITHEATRE (Gr. 441, around, and O&arpov, a place for spectators)

amphitheatre, took place . When these exhibitions were removed, and the canal (euripus) was no longer necessary, See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero had it filled up . See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus is said to have placed an See also:

• OBELISK (Gr. b/3EXivrcos, diminutive of OEMs, a spit)

obelisk on the spina between the metae, and to have built a new pulvinar, or imperial See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box; but if this is taken in connexion with the fact that the circus had been partially destroyed by See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire in 31 B.C., it may be supposed that besides this he had restored it altogether . Only the See also:

• LOWER

lower tiers of seats were of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, the others being of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, and this, from the liability to fire, may See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account for the frequent restorations to which the circus was subject; it would also explain the falling of the seats by which a See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd of See also:

• PEOPLE

people were killed in the time of See also:

• ANTONINUS, SAINT ANTONIO PIEROZZI

Antoninus See also:

• PIUS

Pius . In the reign of See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius, apparently after a fire, the carceres of stone (tufa) were replaced by See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble, and the metae of wood by gilt See also:

• BRONZE

bronze . Under See also:

• DOMITIAN (Thus FLAVIUS DOMITIANUS)

Domitian, again, after a fire, the circus was rebuilt and the carceres increased to 12 instead of 8 as before . The See also:

• WORK

work was finished by See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan . See further for seating capacity, &c., ROME: See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

Archaeology, § " Places of Amusement." The circus was the only public spectacle at which men and See also:

• WOMEN

women were not separated . The lower seats were reserved for persons of See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank; there were also various See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state boxes, e.g. for the giver of the See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games and his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends (called cubicula or suggestus) . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• OBJECT

object of attraction apart from the racing must have been the spina or See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall which ran down the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the course, with its obelisks, images and ornamental shrines . On it also were seven figures of dolphins and seven oval See also:

• OBJECTS

objects, one of which was taken down at every round made in a See also:

• RACE

race, so that spectators might see readily how the contest proceeded .

The chariot race consisted of seven rounds of the course . The chariots started abreast, but in an oblique See also:

• LINE

line, so that the See also:

• OUTER

outer chariot might be compensated for the wider circle it had to make at the other end . Such a race was called a missus, and as many as 24 of these would take place in a See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . The competitors wore different See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours, originally See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white and red (albata and russata), to which See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green (prasina) and See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue (veneta) were added . Domitian introduced two more colours, See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and See also:

• PURPLE

purple (purpureus et auratus pannus), which probably See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into disuse after his See also:

• DEATH

death . To provide the horses and large See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff of attendants it was necessary to apply to See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich capitalists and owners of studs, and from this there See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up in time four select companies (factiones) of circus purveyors, which were identified with the four colours, and with which those who organized the races had to See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract for the proper See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of horses and men . The drivers (aurigae, agitatores), who were mostly slaves, were sometimes held in high repute for their skill, although their calling was regarded with contempt . The horses most valued were those of See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and See also:

• CAPPADOCIA

Cappadocia, and See also:

• GREAT

great care was taken in training them . Chariots with two horses (bigae) or four (quadrigae) were most See also:

• COMMON

common, but sometimes also they had three (trigae), and exceptionally more than four horses . Occasionally there was combined with the chariots a race of riders (desultores), each rider having two horses and leaping from one to the other during the race . At certain of the races the proceedings were opened by a See also:

• PAMPA, LA

pampa or procession in which images of the gods and of the imperial See also:

• FAMILY

family deified were conveyed in cars See also:

• DRAWN

drawn by horses, mules or elephants, attended by the colleges of priests, and led by the presiding See also:

• MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

magistrate (in some cases by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor himself) seated in a chariot in the See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress and with the insignia of a triumphator . The procession passed from the capitol along ' the See also:

• FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

forum, and on to the circus, where it was received by the people See also:

• STANDING

standing and clapping their hands .

The presiding magistrate gavg the See also:

• SIGNAL

signal for the races by throwing a white See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag (mappa) on to the course . Next in importance to the Circus Maximus in Rome was the Circus See also:

• FLAMINIUS, GAIUS

Flaminius, erected 221 B.C., in the censorship of C . Flaminius, from whom it may have taken its name; er the name may have been derived from Prata See also:

• FLAMINIA, VIA

Flaminia, where it was situated, and where also were held plebeian meetings . The only games that are positively known to have been celebrated in this circus were the Ludi Taurii and Plebeii . There is no mention of it after the 1st See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Its ruins were identified in the 16th century at S . Catarina dei Funari and the Palazzo Mattei . A third circus in Rome was erected by Caligula in the gardens of See also:

• AGRIPPINA

Agrippina, and was known as the Circus Neronis, from the notoriety which it obtained through the Circensian pleasures of Nero . A See also:

• FOURTH

fourth was constructed by See also:

• MAXENTIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS VALERIUS

Maxentius outside the Porta See also:

• APPIA, VIA

Appia near the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of See also:

• CAECILIA
• CAECILIA, VIA

Caecilia Metella, where its ruins are still, and now afford the only instance from which an See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient circi in Rome can be obtained . It was traced to See also:

• CARACALLA (or CARACALLUS), MARCUS A U R E L I U S ANTONINUS (186-217)

Caracalla, till the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of an inscription in 1825 showed it to be the work of Maxentius . Old topographers speak of six circi, but two of these appear to be imaginary, the Circus Florae and the Circus Sallustii . Circus races were held in connexion with the following public festivals, and generally on the last day of the festival, if it extended over more than one day:—(1) The Cansualia, See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 21st, See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 15th; (2) Equirria, See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 27th, See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 14th; (3) Ludi Romani, See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 4th-19th; (4) Ludi Plebeii, See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 4th-17th; (5) See also:

• GALATIA

Galatia, See also:

• APRIL

April r2th-19th; (6) Ludi Apollinares, See also:

• JULY

July 6th-13th; (7) Ludi Megalenses, April 4th-loth; (8) Floralia, April 28th-May 3rd .

In addition to See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith's See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary of Antiquities (3rd ed., 189o), see articles in Daremberg and Saglio's Dictionnaire See also:

• DES

des antiquites, Pauly-Wissowa's Realencydopddie der dassischen Altertumswissenschafl iii . 2 (1899), and See also:

• MARQUARDT, JOACHIM (1812–1882)

Marquardt, Romische Staatsvertvaltung, iii . (2nd ed., 1885), p . 504 . For existing remains see See also:

• WORKS

works quoted under ROME: Archaeology . 2 . The See also:

• MODERN

Modern Circus.—The " circus " in modern times is a form of popular entertainment which has little in common with the institution of classical Rome . It is frequently nomadic in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, the place of the permanent building known to the ancients as the circus being taken by a See also:

• TENT

tent, which is carried from place to place and set up temporarily on any site procurable at See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country fairs or in provincial towns, and in which spectacular performances are given by a troupe employed by the proprietor . The centre of the tent forms an See also:

• ARENA (Lat. for " sand ")

arena arranged as a horse-See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring, strewn with tan or other soft substance, where the performances take place, the seats of the spectators being arranged in ascending tiers around the central space as in the Roman circus . The traditional type of exhibition in the modern travelling circus consists of feats of See also:

• HORSEMANSHIP

horsemanship, such as leaping through hoops from the back of a galloping horse, standing with one See also:

• FOOT

foot on each of two horses galloping See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by side, turning somersaults from a springboard over a number of horses standing See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close together, or accomplishing acrobatic tricks on horseback . These performances, by male and See also:

• FEMALE

female riders, are varied by the introduction of horses trained to perform tricks, and by drolleries on the See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• CLOWN (derived by Fuller, in his Worthies, from Lat. colones, a husbandman; but apparently connected with " clod " and with similar forms in Teutonic and Scandinavian languages)

clown, whose place in the circus is as firmly established by tradition as in the See also:

• PANTOMIME

pantomime . The popularity of the circus in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England may be traced to that kept by See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• ASTLEY, JACOB ASTLEY, BARON (1579-1652)
• ASTLEY, SIR JOHN DIIGDALB

Astley (d .

1814) in See also:

• LONDON

London at the end of the 18th century . Astley was followed by Ducrow, whose feats of horsemanship had much to do with establishing the, traditions of the circus, which were perpetuated by Hengler's and See also:

• SANGER, JOHN (1816–1889)

Sanger's celebrated shows in a later See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation . In See also:

• AMERICA

America a circus-actor named Ricketts is said to have performed before See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Washing-ton in 1780, and in the first half of the 19th century the establishments of Purdy, Welch & Co., and of See also:

• VAN

van Amburgh gave a wide popularity to the circus in the See also:

• UNITED

United States . All former circus-proprietors were, however, far surpassed in enterprise and resource by P . T . See also:

• BARNUM, PHINEAS TAYLOR (1810-1891)

Barnum (q.v.), whose claim to be the possessor of " the greatest show on See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth " was no exaggeration . The See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Barnum, however, brought about a considerable See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in the character of the modern circus . In arenas too large for speech to be easily audible, the traditional comic See also:

• DIALOGUE

dialogue of the clown assumed a less prominent place than formerly, while the vastly increased See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of stage properties relegated to the background the old-fashioned equestrian feats, which were replaced by more ambitious acrobatic performances, and by exhibitions of skill, strength and daring, requiring the employment of immense See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of performers and often of complicated and expensive machinery . These tendencies are, as is natural, most marked in shows given in permanent buildings in large cities, such as the London See also:

• HIPPODROME (Gr. irrbSpo,uos, from irros, horse, and Spoµos, racecourse)

Hippodrome, which was built as a See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of the circus, the See also:

• MENAGERIE

menagerie and the variety theatre, where wild animals such as lions and elephants from time to time appeared in the ring, and where See also:

• CONVULSIONS

convulsions of nature such as floods, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions have been produced with an extraordinary wealth of realistic display . At the Hippodrome in Faris—unlike its London namesake, a391 circus of the true classical type in which the arena is entirely surrounded by the seats of the spectators—chariot races after the . Roman See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model were held in the latter part of the 19th century, at which prizes of considerable value were given by the management .