See also:

• CIRENCESTER (traditionally pronounced Ciceter)

CIRENCESTER (traditionally pronounced Ciceter)  , a See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market See also:

• TOWN

town in the See also:

• CIRENCESTER (traditionally pronounced Ciceter)

Cirencester See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of See also:

• GLOUCESTERSHIRE

Gloucestershire, See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, on the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• CHURN (0. Eng. cyrin; found in various forms in most Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch karn; according to the New English Dictionary not connected with " quern," a mill)

Churn, a tributary of the See also:

• THAMES

Thames, 93 M . W.N.W. of See also:

• LONDON

London . Pop. of See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban See also:

• DISTRICT

district (1901) 7536 . It is served by a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• GREAT

Great Western railway, and there is also a station on the Midland and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South-Western Junction railway . This is an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient and prosperous market town of picturesque old houses clustering See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, with a high embattled See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower, and a remarkable south See also:

• PORCH (through the Fr. porehe, from Lat. porticus; the Ital. equivalent is portico, corresponding to the Gr. vapOi ; Ger. Vorhalle)

porch with parvise . The church is mainly Perpendicular, and among its numerous chapels that of St See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine has a beautiful roof of See also:

• FAN (Lat. vannus; Fr. eventail)

fan-See also:

• TRACERY

tracery See also:

• ILL

ill See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone dated 1508 . Of the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey founded in 111:7 by See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry I. there remain a See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman gateway and a few capitals . There are two See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good museums containing mosaics, See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions, carved and sculptured stones, and many smaller remains, for the town was the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Corinium or Durocornovium Dobunorum . Little trace of Corinium, however, can be seen in situ, except the See also:

• AMPHITHEATRE (Gr. 441, around, and O&arpov, a place for spectators)

amphitheatre and some indications of the walls . To the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the town is Cirencester See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House, the seat of See also:

• EARL

Earl See also:

• BATHURST
• BATHURST, EARLS

Bathurst . The first See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Bathurst (1684–1775) devoted himself to beautifying the fine See also:

• DEMESNE (DEMESNE, DEMAIN, DOMAIN, &c.)

demesne of Oakley See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park, which he planted and adorned with remarkable artificial ruins . This nobleman, 'who became See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron in 1711 and earl in 1772, was a See also:

• PATRON

patron of See also:

• ART

art and literature no less than a statesman: and See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope; a frequent visitor here, was allowed to See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design the See also:

• BUILDING

building known as Pope's Seat, in the park, commanding a splendid prospect of See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods and avenues .

See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

Swift was another appreciative visitor . The house contains portraits by See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence, See also:

• GAINSBOROUGH
• GAINSBOROUGH, THOMAS (1727-1788)

Gainsborough, See also:

• ROMNEY (NEw ROMNEY)
• ROMNEY, GEORGE (1734-1802)
• ROMNEY, HENRY SIDNEY, EARL OF (1641-1704)

Romney, See also:

• LELY, SIR PETER (1617—168o)

Lely, See also:

• REYNOLDS, JOHN FULTON (182o-1863)
• REYNOLDS, SIR JOSHUA (1723-1792)
• REYNOLDS, WALTER (d. 1327)

Reynolds, See also:

• HOPPNER, JOHN (1758—1810)

Hoppner, See also:

• KNELLER, SIR GODFREY (1648-1723)

Kneller and many others . A. mile west of the town is the Royal Agricultural See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, incorporated by See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter in 1845 . Its buildings include a See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel, a , dining See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, a library, a lecture See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, laboratories, class-rooms, private studies and dormitories for the students, apartments for See also:

• RESIDENT

resident professors, and servants' offices; also a museum containing a collection of anatomical and pathological preparations, and mineralogical botanical and See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological specimens . The college See also:

• FARM

farm comprises Soo acres, 450 of which are arable; and on it are the well-appointed farm-buildings and the veterinary See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital . Besides See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, the course of instruction at the college includes See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry, natural and See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, natural See also:

• HISTORY

history, See also:

• MENSURATION (Lat. mensura, a measure)

mensuration, See also:

• SURVEYING

surveying and See also:

• DRAWING

drawing, and other subjects of See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical importance to the See also:

• FARMER, RICHARD (1735–1787)

farmer, proficiency in which is tested by means of sessional See also:

• EXAMINATIONS

examinations . The See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries of Cirencester comprise various branches of agriculture . It has connexion by a branch See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal with the Thames and See also:

• SEVERN
• SEVERN, JOSEPH (1793-1879)

Severn canal . Corinium was a flourishing Romano-See also:

• BRITISH

British town, at first perhaps a See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry See also:

• POST

post, but afterwards, for the greater See also:

• PART

part of the Roman See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, purely a civilian See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . At Chedworth, 7 M . N.E., is one of the most noteworthy Roman villas in England . Cirencester (Cirneceaster, Cyrenceaster, Cyringceaster) is described in Domesday as ancient demesne of the See also:

• CROWN

crown .

The See also:

• MANOR

manor was granted by See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William I. to William Fitzosbern; on reverting to the crown it was given in 1189, with the township, to the Augustinian abbey founded here by Henry I . The struggle of the townsmen to prove that Cirencester was a See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough probably began in the same See also:

• YEAR

year, when they were amerced for a false presentment . Four inquisitions during the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century sup-ported the See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot's claims, yet in 1343 the townsmen declared in a See also:

• CHANCERY

chancery See also:

• BILL

bill of complaint that Cirencester was a borough distinct from the manor, belonging to the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king but usurped by the abbot, who since 1308 had See also:

• ABATED

abated their See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of provostry .. Accordingly they produced a copy of a forged charter from Henry I. to the town; the court ignored this and the abbot obtained a new charter and a See also:

• WRIT (O. Eng. gewrit, writ, from writan, to write)

writ of supersedeas . For their success against. the earls of See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent and See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury Henry IV. in 1403 gave the townsmen a gild See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant, although two inquisitions reiterated the abbot's rights . These were confirmed in 1408-1409 and 1413; in 1418 the charter was annulled, and in 1477 See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament declared that Cirencester was not corporate . After several unsuccessful attempts to re-establish the gild merchant, the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government in 1592 was vested in the See also:

• BAILIFF

bailiff of the lord of the manor . Cirencester became a parliamentary borough in 1572, returning two members, but was deprived of See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation in 1885 . Besides the "new market " of Domesday See also:

• BOOK

Book the abbots obtained charters in 1215 and 1253 for fairs during the octaves of All See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

Saints and St' See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas the See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

Martyr . The See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade gave these great importance; in 1341 there were ten wool merchants in Cirencester, and See also:

• LELAND (LEYLAND Or LAYLONDE), JOHN (c. 1506-1552)
• LELAND, CHARLES GODFREY (1824-1903)
• LELAND, JOHN (1691–1766)

Leland speaks of the abbots' See also:

• CLOTH

cloth-See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill, while See also:

• CAMDEN
• CAMDEN, CHARLES PRATT, 1ST EARL (1714-1794)
• CAMDEN, JOHN JEFFREYS PRATT, 2ND EARL
• CAMDEN, WILLIAM (1551-1623)

Camden calls it the greatest market for wool in England . See Transactions of the See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, vols. ii., ix., xviii ..