See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

CITY (through Fr. cite, from See also:

• LAT

Lat. civitas)  . In the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom, strictly speaking, " See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city " is an honorary See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title, officially applied to those towns which, in virtue of some pre-See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence (e.g. as episcopal See also:

• SEES

sees, or See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial centres), have by traditional usage or royal See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter acquired the right to the designation . In the United Kingdom the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of " city " does not necessarily involve the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of municipal See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power greater than those of the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary boroughs, nor indeed the possession of a See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation at all (e.g . See also:

• ELY
• ELY, RICHARD THEODORE (1854— )

Ely) . In the United States and the See also:

• BRITISH

British colonies, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the official application of the See also:

• TERM

term " city " depends on the See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind and extent of the municipal privileges possessed by the corporations, and charters are given raising towns to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of cities . Both in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the word is used to distinguish the older and central See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of some of the large towns, e.g. the Cite in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and the " square mile " under the See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction of the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor which is the " City of See also:

• LONDON

London." In See also:

• COMMON

common usage, however, the word implies no more than a somewhat vague See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of See also:

• SIZE

size and dignity, and is loosely applied to any large centre of See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population . Thus while, technically, the City of London is quite small, London is yet properly de-scribed as the largest city in the See also:

• WORLD

world . In the United States this use of the word is still more loose, and any See also:

• TOWN

town, whether technically a city or not, is usually so designated, with little regard to its actual size or importance . It is clear from the above that the word " city " is incapable of any very clear and inclusive See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition, and the See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to show that historically it possesses a meaning that clearly differentiates it from " town " or " See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough " has led to some controversy . As the See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek 'rods or Latin civilas it involves the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient conception of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state or " city-state," i.e. of the state as not too large to prevent its See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government through the See also:

• BODY

body of the citizens assembled in the See also:

• AGORA

agora, and is applied not to the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place but to the whole body politic . From this conception both the word and its dignified See also:

• CONNOTATION

connotation are without doubt historically derived . On the occupation of See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul the Gallic states and tribes were called civitates by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, 4 An See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval See also:

• CITTERN (also CITHERN, CITHRON, CYTHREN, CITIIAREN, &C.; Fr. titre, cistre, cishre, guitare allemande or anglaise; Ger. Cither, Zither (mit Hals, with neck); Ital. cetera, tetra)

cittern and a ghittern, See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by side, occur in the beautiful 13th-See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish MS. known as Cantigas de See also:

• SANTA

Santa Maria in the See also:

• ESCORIAL

Escorial .

For a See also:

• FINE

fine facsimile in See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours see See also:

• MARQUIS

marquis de Valmar, Real . Acad . Esq., publ. by L . See also:

• AGUADO, ALEXANDRE MARIE

Aguado (See also:

• MADRID

Madrid, 1889) . Reproductions in See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black and See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white in Juan F . Riano, See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

Critical and See also:

• BIBLIOG

Bibliog . Notes on See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early Spanish See also:

• MUSIC

Music (London, 1887) . See also K . Schlesinger, op. cit. fig . 167, p . 223, also See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat-shaped citterns, See also:

• FIGS

figs . 155 and 156, p .

197 . Cittern with woman's See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, 15th century, on one of six bas-reliefs on the under parts of the seats of the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir of the Priory See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, Great See also:

• MALVERN

Malvern, reproduced in J . See also:

• CARTER, ELIZABETH (1717-1806)

Carter's Ancient Sculptures, &c., vol. ii. pl. following p . 12 . Another without a head, ibid. pl. following p . 16, from a See also:

• BRASS
• BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

brass monumental See also:

• PLATE

plate in St See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret's, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King's See also:

• LYNN

Lynn . Historia utriusque Cosmi (See also:

• OPPENHEIM

Oppenheim, ed . 1617) i . 226 . See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian alnd Arabic Kithara Moorishl Guitra, Cuitra or Guitarra Persian See also:

• REBAB, or RABAB (Persian rubab;2 Arabic rebab, rababa;3 Sp. rave, rabe,' rabel, arrabel, arrabil;s Fr. rubebe; It. rubeba)

Rebab Arab Rebab See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• REBEC, or REBECK (Med. Fr. rubebe, rebelle, rebec, gigue; Ger. Rubeba, Rebek, Geige, Lyra ; Ital. ribeba, ribeca, lyra; Sp. rabel, rabeca, rave, rabe)

Rebec and subsequently the name was confined to the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief towns of the various administrative districts . These were also the seats of the bishops . It is thus affirmed that in France from the 5th to the 15th century the name civitas or cite was confined to such towns as were episcopal sees, and Du Cange (See also:

• GLOSS, GLOSSARY

Gloss. s.v. civitas) defines that word as urbs episcopalis, and states that other towns were termed castra or oppida .

How far any such distinction can be sharply See also:

• DRAWN

drawn may be doubted . With regard to England no definite See also:

• LINE

line can be drawn between those towns to which the name civitas or cite is given in See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval documents and those called burgi or boroughs (see J . H . See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

Round, Feudal England, p . 338; F . W . See also:

• MAITLAND (MAITLAND OF LETHINGTON), WILLIAM
• MAITLAND, EAST
• MAITLAND, EDWARD (1824-1897)
• MAITLAND, FREDERIC WILLIAM (1850-1906)
• MAITLAND, SIR RICHARD (LORD LETHINGTON) (1496-r586)

Maitland, Domesday See also:

• BOOK

Book and After, p . 183) . It was, however, maintained by See also:

• COKE (a northern English word, possibly connected with " colk," core)
• COKE, SIR EDWARD (1552-1634)
• COKE, SIR JOHN (1563-1644)
• COKE, THOMAS (1747-1814)

Coke and See also:

• BLACKSTONE, SIR WILLIAM (1723-1780)

Blackstone that a city is a town incorporate which is or has been the see of a See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop . It is true, indeed, that the actual sees in England all have a formal right to the title; the boroughs erected into episcopal sees by See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VIII. thereby became " cities "; but towns such as See also:

• THETFORD

Thetford, See also:

• SHERBORNE

Sherborne and See also:

• DORCHESTER
• DORCHESTER, DUDLEY CARLETON, VISCOUNT (1573-1632)
• DORCHESTER, GUY CARLETON

Dorchester are never so designated, though they are regularly incorporated and were once episcopal sees . On the other hand, it has only been since the latter See also:

• PART

part of the loth century that the official style of "city" has, in the United Kingdom, been conferred by royal authority on certain important towns which were not episcopal sees, See also:

• BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham in 1889 being the first to be so distinguished . It is interesting to See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note that London, besides 27 boroughs, now contains two cities, one (the City of London) outside, the other (the City of See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster) included in the administrative See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county .

For the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the origin and development of See also:

• MODERN

modern city government see BoxouGH and See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

COMMUNE: Medieval .