See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with See also:

• LAT

Lat. planta, shoot or See also:

• SCION

scion, the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)  , a gro ip of See also:

• PEOPLE

people See also:

• UNITED

united by See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• BLOOD

blood, and usually settled in a common See also:

• HABITAT (a French word derived from habiter, Lat. habitare, to dwell)

habitat . The See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan See also:

• SYSTEM

system existed in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland and the See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

Highlands of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland from See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early times . In its strictest sense thesystem was See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to those countries, but, in its wider meaning of a See also:

• GROUP

group of kinsmen forming a self-governing community, the system as represented by the See also:

• VILLAGE

village community has been shown by See also:

• SIR

Sir H . See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine and others to have existed at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time or another in all lands . Before the use of surnames and elaborate written genealogies, a tribe in its definite sense was called in See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic a tuath, a word of wide See also:

• AFFINITIES

affinities, from a See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root tu, to grow, to multiply, existing in all See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages . When the tribal system began to be broken up by See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest and by the rise of towns and of territorial See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, the use of a common surname furnished a new See also:

• BOND
• BOND, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1815-1898)

bond for keeping up a connexion between kindred . The See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a tribe or smaller group of kindred selected some ancestor and called himself his Ua, See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson, or as it has been anglicized 0', e.g . Ua Conchobair (0' Conor), Ua Suilleabhain (O'See also:

• SULLIVAN, JOHN (1740–1795)
• SULLIVAN, SIR ARTHUR SEYMOUR (1842—1900)
• SULLIVAN, THOMAS BARRY (1824-1891)

Sullivan) . All his kindred adopted the same name, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief using no fore-name however . The usual mode of distinguishing a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person before the introduction of surnames was to name his See also:

• FATHER

father and grandfather, e.g . See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
• OWEN, JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] (c. 1560-1622)
• OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858)
• OWEN, SIR HUGH (1804-1881)
• OWEN, SIR RICHARD (1804–1892)

Owen, son of Donal, son of Dermot . This naturally led some to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form their surnames with Mac, son, instead of Ua, grandson, e.g .

Mac Carthaigh, son of Carthach (Mac Carthy), Mac Ruaidhri, son of Rory (Macrory) . Both methods have been followed in Ireland, but in Scotland Mac came to be exclusively used . The See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of such genealogical surnames fostered the notion that all who See also:

• BORE

bore the same surname were kinsmen, and hence the genealogical See also:

• TERM

term clann, which properly means the descendants of some progenitor, gradually became synonymous with tuath, tribe . Like all purely genealogical terms, clann may be used in the limited sense of a particular tribe governed by a chief, or in that of many tribes claiming descent from a common ancestor . In the latter sense it was synonymous with sil, siol, See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed e.g . Siol Alpine; a See also:

• GREAT

great clan which included the smaller clans of the Macgregors, Grants,Mackinnons,Macnabs,Macphies, Macquarries and Macaulays . The clan system in the most archaic form of which we have any definite See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information can be best studied in the Irish tuath, or tribe.' This consisted of two classes: (r) tribesmen, and (2) a See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous class of slaves, criminals, strangers and their descendants . The first class included tribesmen by blood in the male See also:

• LINE

line, including all illegitimate See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children acknowledged by their fathers, and tribesmen by adoption or sons of tribeswomen by strangers, See also:

• FOSTER, GEORGE EULAS (1847– )
• FOSTER, JOHN (177o-1843)
• FOSTER, MYLES BIRKET (1825-1899)
• FOSTER, SIR CLEMENT LE NEVE (1841-1904)
• FOSTER, SIR MICHAEL (1836-r9o7)
• FOSTER, STEPHEN COLLINS (1826-1864)

foster-sons, men who had done some See also:

• SIGNAL

signal service to the tribe, and lastly the descendants of the second class after a certain number of generations . Each tuath had a chief called a rig, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, a word cognate with the Gaulish rig-s or See also:

• RIX

rix, the Latin reg-s or rex, and the Old Norse rik-ir . The tribesmen formed a number of communities, each of which, like the tribe itself, consisted of a head, ceann See also:

• FINE

fine, his kinsmen, slaves and other retainers . This was the fine, or See also:

• SEPT

sept . Each of these occupied a certain See also:

• PART

part of the tribe-See also:

• LAND

land, the arable part being cultivated under a system of co-tillage, the pasture land co-grazed according to certain customs, and the See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, See also:

• BOG (from Ir. and Gael. bogach, bog, soft)

bog and mountains forming the marchland of the sept being the unrestricted common land of the Sept .

The sept was in fact a village community . What the sept was to the tribe, the See also:

• HOMESTEAD

homestead was to the sept . The head of a homestead was an See also:

• AIRE

aire, a representative See also:

• FREEMAN
• FREEMAN, EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1823-1892)

freeman capable of acting as a See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness, compurgator and See also:

• BAIL

bail . These were very important functions, especially when it is See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne in mind that the tribal homestead was the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of many of the kinsfolk of the head of the See also:

• FAMILY

family as well as of his own children . The descent of See also:

• PROPERTY

property being according to a gavel-See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom, it constantly happened that when an aire died the See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of his property which each member of his immediate family was en-titled to receive was not sufficient to qualify him to be an aire . In this See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the family did not See also:

• DIVIDE

divide the See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance, but remained together as " a See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint and undivided family," one of the members being elected chief of the family or See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household, and in 'The following See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the Irish clan-system differs in some respects from that in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article on BREHON See also:

• LAWS

LAWS (q.v.) ; but it is retained here in view of the authority of the writer and the admitted obscurity of the whole subject . (ED . E.B.) this capacity enjoyed the rights and privileges of an are., Sir H . S . Maine directed See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to this kind of family as an important feature of the early institutions of all Indo-European nations . Beside the " joint and undivided family," there was another kind of family which we might See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call " the joint family." This was a See also:

• PARTNERSHIP (earlier forms, partener, parcener, from Late Lat. partionarius for partitionarius, from partitio, sharing, pars, part)

partnership composed of three or four members of a sept whose individual See also:

• WEALTH

wealth was not sufficient to qualify each of them to be an aire, but whose joint wealth qualified one of the co-partners as head of the joint family to be one . So See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as there was abundance of land each family grazed its See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle upon the tribe-land without restriction; unequal increase of wealth and growth of See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population naturally led to its See also:

• LIMITATION, STATUTES OF

limitation, each head of a homestead being entitled to graze an amount of stock in proportion to his wealth, the See also:

• SIZE

size of his homestead, and his acquired position .

The arable land was no doubt applotted annually at first; gradually, however, some of the richer families of the tribe succeeded in evading this See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange of allotments and converting part of the common land into an See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate in sevralty . Septa were at first colonies of the tribe which settled on the See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march-land; afterwards the See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion of part of the common land into an estate in sevralty enabled the family that acquired it to become the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent of a new sept . The same See also:

• PROCESS

process might, however, take See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place within a sept without dividing it; in other words, several members of the sept might hold part of the land of the sept as See also:

• SEPARATE

separate estate . The See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of land in sevralty introduced an important distinction into the tribal system—it created an See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy . An aire whose family held the same land for three generations was called a flaith, or See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord, of which See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank there were several grades according to their wealth in land and chattels . The aires whose wealth consisted in cattle only were called b6-aires, or cow-aires, of whom there were also several grades, depending on their wealth in stock . When a b6-aire had twice the wealth of the lowest class of flaith he might enclose part of the land adjoining his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house as a See also:

• LAWN

lawn; this was the first step towards his becoming a flaith . The relations which subsisted between the flaiths and the b6-aires formed the most curious part of the Celtic tribal system, and throw a See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood of See also:

• LIGHT

light on the origin of the feudal system . Every tribesman without exception owed ceilsinne to the rig, or chief, that is, he was See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to become his ceile; or See also:

• VASSAL (Fr. vassal, vassaut, vassault, &c,)

vassal . This consisted in paying the rig a See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute in kind, for which the ceile was entitled to receive a proportionate amount of stock without having to give any bond for their return, giving him service, e.g. in See also:

• BUILDING

building his dun, or stronghold, See also:

• REAPING (from O.E. rypan, rypan, probably allied to " ripe," mature, i.e. " fit for reaping "; the cognate forms are found in other languages)

reaping his See also:

• HARVEST (A.S. hcerfest " autumn," O.H. Ger. herbist, possibly through an old Teutonic root representing Lat. car pere, " to pluck ")

harvest, keeping his roads clean and in repair, killing wolves, and especially service in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field, and doing him See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage three times while seated every time he made his return of tribute . Paying the " calpe " to the Highland chiefs represented this kind of vassalage, a colpdach or See also:

• HEIFER

heifer being in many cases the amount of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food-See also:

• RENT

rent paid by a See also:

• FREE

free or saer ceile . A tribesman might, however, if he pleased, pay a higher rent on receiving more stock together with certain other chattels for which no rent was chargeable .

In this case he entered into a See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract, and was therefore a bond or daer ceile . No one need have accepted stock on these terms, nor could he do so without the consent of his sept, and he might free himself at any time from his See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation by returning what he had received, and the rent due thereon . What every one was bound to do to his rig, or chief, he might do voluntarily to the flaith of his sept, to any flaith of the tribe, or even to one of another tribe . He might also become a bond ceile . In either case he might renounce his ceileship by returning a greater or lesser amount of stock than what he had received according to the circumstances under which he terminated his vassalage . In cases of disputed See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to the chiefship of a tribe the See also:

• RIVAL

rival claimants were always anxious to get as many as possible to become their vassals . Hence the anxiety of See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor chieftains, in later times in the Highlands of Scotland, to induce the clansmen to pay the " calpe " where there happened to be a doubt as to who was entitled to be chief . The effect of the custom of gavel-kind was to equalize the Wealth of each and leave no one wealthy enough to be chief . The " joint and undivided family " and the formation of " joint families," or See also:

• GILDS, or GUILDS

gilds, was one way of obviating this result; another way was the custom of See also:

• TANISTRY (from Gaelic Lana, lordship)

tanistry . The headship of the tribe was practically confined to the members of one family; this was also the case with the headship of a Sept: Sometimes a son succeeded his father, but the See also:

• RULE

rule was that the eldest and most capable member of the geilfine, that is, the relatives of the actual chief to the fifth degree,l was selected during his lifetime to be his successor—generally the eldest surviving See also:

• BROTHER

brother or son of the preceding chief . The See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man selected as successor to a chief of a tribe, or chieftain of a sept, was called the tanist, and should be " the most experienced, the most See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble, the most wealthy, the wisest, the most learned, the most truly popular, the most powerful to oppose, the most steadfast to See also:

• SUE, EUGENE [JosEPH MARIE] (1804—1857)

sue for profits and (be sued) for losses." In addition to these qualities he should be free from See also:

• PERSONAL

personal blemishes and deformities and of See also:

• FIT

fit See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead his tribe or sept, as the case may be, to See also:

• BATTLE

battle ? So far as selecting the man of the geilfine who was supposed to possess all those qualities, the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of chief of a tribe or chieftain of a sept was elective, but as the geilfine was represented by four persons, together with the chief or chieftain, the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election was practically confined to one of the four .

In See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to support the dignity of the chief or chieftain a certain portion of the tribe or sept land was attached as an apanage to the office; this land, with the See also:

• DUNS

duns or fortified residences upon it, went to the successor, but a chief's own property might be gavelled . This custom of tanistry applied at first probably to the selection of the successors of a rig, but was gradually so extended that even a b6-aire had a tanist . A sept might have only one flaith, or lord, connected with it, or might have several . It sometimes happened, however, that a sept might be so broken and reduced as not to have even one man qualified to rank as a flaith . The rank of a flaith depended upon the number of his ceiles, that is, upon his wealth . The flaith of a sept, and the highest when there was more than one, was ceann fine, or head of the sept, or as he was usually called in Scotland, the chieftain . He was also called the flailh geilfine, or head of the geilfine, that is, the kinsmen to the fifth degree from among whom should be chosen the tanist, and who, according to the custom of gavel-kind, were the immediate heirs who received the personal property and were answerable for the liabilities of the sept . The flaiths of the different septa were the vassals of the rig, or chief of the tribe, and performed certain functions which were no doubt at first individual, but in time became the hereditary right of the sept . One of those was the office of maer, or steward of the chief's rents, &c.; 3 and another that of aire tuisi, leading aire, or taoisech, a word cognate with the Latin duc-s or See also:

• DUX (Czech Duchcov)

dux, and Anglo-Saxon here-tog, See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the " here," or See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . The taoisech was leader of the tribe in battle; in later times the term seems to have been extended to several offices of rank . The See also:

• CADET (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. capitettum, a diminutive of caput, head, through the Provencal form capdet)

cadet of a Highland clan was always called the taoisech, which has been translated See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain; after the conquest of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales the same term, tywysaug, was used for a ruling See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince . See also:

• SLAVERY

Slavery was very common in Ireland and Scotland; i The explanation here given of geilfine is different from that given in the introduction to the third See also:

• VOLUME

volume of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient Laws of Ireland, which was followed by Sir H .

S . Maine in his account of it in his Early See also:

• HISTORY

History of Institutions, and which the See also:

• PRESENT

present writer believes to be erroneous . z It should also be mentioned that See also:

• ILLEGITIMACY (from " illegitimate," Lat. illegitimus, not in accordance with law, hence born out of lawful wedlock)

illegitimacy was not a See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar . The issue of " handfast" marriages in Scotland were eligible to be chiefs, and even sometimes claimed under feudal See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . ' This office is of considerable importance in connexion with early Scottish history . In the Irish See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals the rig, or chief of a great tribe (mor tuath), such as of See also:

• ROSS
• ROSS, ALEXANDER (1699-1784)
• ROSS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1841- )
• ROSS, JOHN, or KOOESKOOWE (179o-1866)
• ROSS, ROBERT (1766-1814)
• ROSS, SIR HEW DALRYMPLE (1779-1868)
• ROSS, SIR JAMES CLARK (1800-1862)
• ROSS, SIR JOHN (1777-1856)

Ross, See also:

• MORAY

Moray, Marr, See also:

• BUCHAN, EARLS OF
• BUCHAN, ELSPETH (1738–1791)
• BUCHAN, PETER (1790–1854)

Buchan, &c., is called a mor maer, or great maer . Sometimes the same person is called king also in these annals . Thus Findlaec, or See also:

• FINLAY, GEORGE (1799-1875)

Finlay, son of Ruadhri, the father of See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare's See also:

• MACBETH

Macbeth, is called king of Moray in the Annals of See also:

• ULSTER
• ULSTER, EARLS OF

Ulster, and mor maer in the Annals of Tighernach . The term is never found in Scottish charters, but it occurs in the See also:

• BOOK

Book of the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

Abbey of See also:

• DEIR, or DEIR

Deir in Buchan, now in the library of the university of See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge . The Scotic See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings and their successors obviously regarded the chiefs of the great tribes in question merely as their maers, while their tribesmen only knew them as kings . From these mor-maerships," which corresponded with the ancient See also:

• MAR, EARLDOM OF
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 1ST OR 6TH EARL OF (d. 1572)
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 2ND OR 7TH EARL
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 6TH OR 11TH EARL OF (1675-1732)

mar luatha, came most, if not all, the ancient Scottish earldoms . in the former slaves constituted a common See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element in the stipends or gifts which the higher kings gave their vassal subreguli .

See also:

• FEMALE

Female slaves, who were employed in the houses of chiefs and flaiths in grinding See also:

• MEAL

meal with the See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand-See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill or See also:

• QUERN

quern, and in other domestic See also:

• WORK

work, must have been very common, for the unit or See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard for estimating the wealth of a b6-aire, blood-fines, &c., was called a cumhal, the value of which was three cows, but which literally meant a female slave . The descendants of those slaves, prisoners of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, forfeited hostages, refugees from other tribes, broken tribesmen, &c., gathered See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the rig and flaiths, or squatted upon their march-lands, forming a See also:

• MOTLEY
• MOTLEY, JOHN LOTHROP (1814–1897)

motley See also:

• BAND

band of retainers which made a consider-able element in the population, and one of the chief See also:

• SOURCES

sources of the wealth of chiefs and flaiths . The other See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal source of their income was the food-rent paid by ceiles, and especially by the daer or bond ceiles, who were hence called biathachs, from biad, food . A flaith, but not a rig, might, if he liked, go to the house of his ceile and consume his food-rent in the house of the latter . Under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of feudal ideas and the growth of the See also:

• MODERN

modern .views as to ownership of land, the chiefs and other lords of clans claimed in modern times the right of best owing the tribe-land as turcrec, instead of stock, and receiving rent not for cattle and other chattels as in former times, but proportionate to the extent of land given to them . The turcrec-land seems to have been at first given upon the same terms as turcrec-stock, but gradually a system of See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short leases See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up; someti'nes, too, it was given on See also:

• MORTGAGE

mortgage . In the Highlands of Scotland ceiles who received turcrec-land were called " taksmen." On the See also:

• DEATH

death of the chief or lord, his successor either be§towed the land upon the same person or gave it to some other relative . In this way in each See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation new families came into possession of land, and others sank into the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere tribesmen . Some-times a " taksman " succeeded in acquiring his land in See also:

• PERPETUITY (Lat. perpetuus, continuous)

perpetuity, by See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift, See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage or See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase, or even by the " strong hand." The universal prevalence of exchangeable allotments, or the See also:

• RUNDALE (apparently from " to run" and "dale," valley, originally something separated off, cf. " deal" )

rundale system, shows that down to even comparatively modern times some of the land was still recognized as the property of the tribe, and was cultivated in village communities . The chief governed the clan by the aid of a See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council called the sabaid (sab, a prop), but the chief exercised much See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, especially over the miscellaneous See also:

• BODY

body of non-tribesmen who lived on his own estate . This power seems to have extended to See also:

• LIFE

life and death . Several of the faiths, perhaps, all heads of septs, also possessed somewhat extensive See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of the same kind .

The Celtic See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress, at least in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages, consisted of a kind of See also:

• SHIRT

shirt reaching to a little below the knees called a lenn, a jacket called an inar, and a garment called a brat, consisting of a single piece of See also:

• CLOTH

cloth . This was apparently the garb of the aires, who appear to have been further distinguished by the number of See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours in their dress, for we are told that while a slave had clothes of one See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, a reg tuatha, or chief of a tribe, had five, and an ollamh and a See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior king six . The breeches was also known, and cloaks with a See also:

• COWL (through Fr. coule, from Lat. cucullus or cuculla, a covering; the word is found in various forms in most European languages, cf. Ger. Kugel or Kigel, Dutch kovel, Irish cochal or cochull ; the ultimate origin may be the root kal, found in Lat. clam,

cowl or See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood, which buttoned up tight in front . The lenn is the modern See also:

• KILT

kilt, and the brat the See also:

• PLAID (Gael. plaide, Ir. ploid, usually taken to be derived from Gael. peall, sheepskin, Lat. pellis, skin)

plaid, so that the dress of the Irish and Welsh in former times was the same as that of the Scottish Highlander . By the abolition of the heritable See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction of the Highland chiefs, and the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general disarmament of the clans by the acts passed in 1747 after the See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion of 1745, the clan system was practically broken up, though its influence still lingers in the more remote districts . An See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act was also passed in 1747 for-bidding the use of the Highland garb; but the injustice and impolicy of such a law being generally See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt it was afterwards repealed . (W . K .