See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

HUGH See also:

• HUGH CLAPPERTON (1788-1827)

CLAPPERTON (1788-1827)  , Scottish traveller in See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West-Central See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 1788 at See also:

• ANNAN

Annan, See also:

• DUMFRIESSHIRE

Dumfriesshire, where his See also:

• FATHER

father was a surgeon . He gained some knowledge of See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics and See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation, and at thirteen was apprenticed on See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board a See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel which traded between See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool and See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICA

America . After having made several voyages across the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic he was impressed for the See also:

• NAVY

navy, in which he soon See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

• MIDSHIPMAN

midshipman . During the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic See also:

• WARS

wars he saw a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• DEAL

deal of active service, and at the storming of See also:

• PORT

Port See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis, See also:

• MAURITIUS

Mauritius, in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 181o, he was first in the See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach and hauled down the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag . In 1814 he went to See also:

• CANADA

Canada, was promoted to the rank of See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant, and to the command of a See also:

• SCHOONER

schooner on the See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian lakes . In 1817, when the flotilla on the lakes was dismantled, he returned See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home on See also:

• HALF

half-pay . In 182o See also:

• CLAPPERTON, HUGH (1788-1827)

Clapperton removed to See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, where he made the acquaintance of See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter Oudney, M.D., who aroused in him an See also:

• INTEREST

interest in See also:

• AFRICAN

African travel . Lieut . G . F . See also:

• LYON, MARY MASON (1797-1849)
• LYON, NATHANIEL (1818-1861)

Lyon, R.N., having returned from an unsuccessful See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to reach See also:

• BORNU

Bornu from See also:

• TRIPOLI
• TRIPOLI (Tarabulus el-Gharb, i.e. Tripoli of the West)
• TRIPOLI, or TARABULUS (anc. Tripolis)

Tripoli, the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government determined on a second expedition to that See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . Dr Oudney was appointed by See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• BATHURST
• BATHURST, EARLS

Bathurst, then colonial secretary, to proceed to Bornu as See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul with the See also:

• OBJECT

object of promoting See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, and Clapperton and See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Major See also:

• DIXON
• DIXON, GEORGE (1755 ?–1800)
• DIXON, HENRY HALL (1822-1870)
• DIXON, RICHARD WATSON (1833-1900)
• DIXON, WILLIAM HEPWORTH (1821-1879)

Dixon See also:

• DENHAM, DIXON (1786–1828.)
• DENHAM, SIR JOHN (1615—1669)

Denham (q.v.) were added to the party .

From Tripoli, See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 1822, they set out southward to Murzuk, and from this point Clapperton and Oudney visited the See also:

• GHAT, or RHAT

Ghat See also:

• OASIS (Gr. &toss, the name given by Herodotus to the fertile spots in the Libyan desert: it probably represents an Egyptian word, cf. Coptic ouahe, ouih, to dwell, from which the Egyptian Arabic sod is derived)

oasis . See also:

• KUKA, or KUKAWA

Kuka, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of Bornu, was reached in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1823, and See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• CHAD
• CHAD [CEADDA], SAINT (d. 672)

Chad seen for the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time by Europeans . At Bornu the travellers were well received by the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan; and after remaining in the country till the 14th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December they again set out for the purpose of exploring the course of the See also:

• NIGER
• NIGER, GAIUS PESCENNIUS

Niger . At Murmur, on the road to See also:

• KANO

Kano, Oudney died (See also:

• JANUARY

January 1824) . Clapperton continued his See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey alone through Kano to See also:

• SOKOTO

Sokoto, the capital of the See also:

• FULA (FULBE, FELLATAH or PEULS)

Fula See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, where by See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of Sultan See also:

• BELLO, ANDRES (1781–1865)

Bello he was obliged to stop, though the Niger wa.s only five days' journey to the west . Worn out with his travel he returned by way of See also:

• ZARIA

Zaria and See also:

• KATSENA

Katsena to Kuka, where he again met Denham . The two travellers then set out, for Tripoli, reached on the 26th of January 1825 . An See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the travels was published in 1826 under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern and Central Africa in the years 1822-1824 . Immediately after his return Clapperton was raised to the rank of See also:

• COMMANDER

commander, and sent out with another expedition to Africa, the sultan Bello of Sokoto having professed his eagerness to open up trade with the west See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . Clapperton landed at Badagry in the See also:

• BIGHT (O. Eng. bight, bend; cf. Ger. Bucht, a bay, and beugen, to bend)

Bight of See also:

• BENIN

Benin, and started overland for the Niger on the 7th of December 1825, having with him his servant See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• LANDER, RICHARD LEMON (1804–1834)

Lander (q.v.), See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• PEARCE, CHARLES SPRAGUE (1851– )

Pearce, R.N., and Dr See also:

• MORRISON, ARTHUR (1863– )
• MORRISON, RICHARD JAMES (1795-1874)
• MORRISON, ROBERT (1782-1834)

Morrison, navy surgeon and naturalist . Before the See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month was out Pearce and Morrison were dead of See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever . Clapperton continued his journey, and, passing through the Yoruba country, in January 1826 he crossed the Niger at See also:

• BUSSA

Bussa, the spot where Mungo See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park had died twenty years before .

In See also:

• JULY

July he arrived at Kano . Thence he went to Sokoto, intending afterwards to go to Bornu . The sultan, however, detained him, and being seized with See also:

• DYSENTERY (from the Gr. prefix Ova-, in the sense of " bad," and Evmpov, the intestine)

dysentery he died near Sokoto on the 13th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1827 . Clapperton was the first See also:

• EUROPEAN

European to make known from See also:

• PERSONAL

personal observation the semi-civilized See also:

• HAUSA

Hausa countries, which he visited soon after the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the Sokoto empire by the Fula . In 1829 appeared the See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of a Second Expedition into the Interior of Africa, &c., by the See also:

• LATE

late Commander Clapperton, to which was prefaced a See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of the explorer by his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, Lieut.-See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel S . Clapperton . Lander, who had brought back the journal of his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master, also published Records of Captain Clapperton's Last Expedition to Africa . . . with the subsequent Adventures of the Author (2 vols., See also:

• LONDON

London, 1830) .