1ST See also:

• EARL

EARL OF See also:

• EDWARD

EDWARD See also:

• HYDE
• HYDE, THOMAS (1636-1703)

HYDE See also:

• CLARENDON, CONSTITUTIONS OF
• 1ST EARL OF EDWARD HYDE CLARENDON (1609-1674)
• CLARENDON, GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK VILLIERS, 4TH EARL OF (in the Villiers line) (1800-r87o)
• CLARENDON, HENRY HYDE

CLARENDON (1609-1674)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English historian and statesman, son of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• HYDE
• HYDE, THOMAS (1636-1703)

Hyde of Dinton, See also:

• WILTSHIRE [WILTS]

Wiltshire, a member of a See also:

• FAMILY

family for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time established at Norbury, See also:

• CHESHIRE

Cheshire, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 18th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 16og . He entered Magdalen See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall, See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, in 1622 (having been refused a demyship at Magdalen See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College), and graduated B.A. in 1626 . Intended originally for See also:

• HOLY

holy orders, the See also:

• DEATH

death of two See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers made him his' See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir, and in 1625 he entered the See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple . At the university his abilities were more conspicuous than his See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, and at the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar his time was devoted more to See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• READING

reading and to the society of eminent scholars and writers than to the study of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law See also:

• TREATISES

treatises . This wandering from the beaten track, however, was not without its' advantages . In later years See also:

• CLARENDON, CONSTITUTIONS OF
• CLARENDON, EDWARD HYDE, 1ST EARL OF (1609-1674)
• CLARENDON, GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK VILLIERS, 4TH EARL OF (in the Villiers line) (1800-r87o)
• CLARENDON, HENRY HYDE

Clarendon declared " next the immediate blessing and See also:

• PROVIDENCE

providence of See also:

• GOD

God Almighty " that he " owed all the little he knew and the little See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good that was in him to the friendships and conversation . . . of the most excellent men in their several kinds that lived in that See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age." 1 These included See also:

• BEN (from Old Eng. bennan, within)

Ben See also:

• JONSON

Jonson, See also:

• SELDEN, JOHN (1584–1654)

Selden, See also:

• WALLER, EDMUND (1606-1687)
• WALLER, LEWIS (186o- )
• WALLER, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1597-1668)

Waller, See also:

• HALES, JOHN (1584-1656)
• HALES, or HAYLES, JOHN (d. 1571)
• HALES, STEPHEN (1677-1761)

Hales, and especially See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• FALKLAND
• FALKLAND, LUCIUS CARY

Falkland; and from their See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence and the wide reading in which he indulged, he doubtless See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew the solid learning and See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent which afterwards distinguished him . In 1629 he married his first wife, See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne, daughter of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Ayliffe, who died six months afterwards; and secondly, in 1634, Frances, daughter of Sir See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• AYLESBURY

Aylesbury, See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

Master of See also:

• REQUESTS, COURT OF

Requests . In 1633 he was called to the bar, and obtained quickly a good position and practice . His marriages had gained for him influential See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, and in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1634 he was made keeper of the writs and rolls of the See also:

• COMMON

common pleas; while his able conduct of the See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition of the See also:

• LONDON

London merchants against See also:

• PORTLAND
• PORTLAND, EARL OF
• PORTLAND, ISLE OF
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM BENTINCK, EARL
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM HENRY CAVENDISH BENTINCK

Portland earned See also:

• LAUD (Lat. laws)
• LAUD, WILLIAM (1573-1645)

Laud's approval . He was returned to the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

Short See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

Parliament 1 See also:

• LIFE

Life, i . 25 .

in 164o as member for Wootton Bassett . Respect and veneration for the law and constitution of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England were already fundamental principles with Hyde, and the flagrant violations and perversions of the law which characterized the twelve preceding years of See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• RULE

rule drove him into the ranks of the popular party . He served on numerous and important committees, and his See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary See also:

• ACTION

action was directed chiefly to-wards the support and restoration of the law . He assailed the See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction of the See also:

• EARL

earl See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal's See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, and in the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Long Parliament, in which he sat for See also:

• SALTASH

Saltash, renewed his attacks and practically effected its suppression . In 1641 he served on the committees for inquiring into the status of the See also:

• COUNCILS

councils of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales and of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North, distinguished himself by a speech against the latter, and took an important See also:

• PART

part in the proceedings against the See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges . He supported See also:

• STRAFFORD, EARLS OF
• STRAFFORD, THOMAS WENTWORTH, EARL

Strafford's See also:

• IMPEACHMENT (O. Fr. empeahement, empeschement, from em pecher or empescher, to hinder, Late Lat. impedicare, to entangle, pedica, fetter, pes, foot)

impeachment, and did not See also:

• VOTE

vote against the See also:

• ATTAINDER (from the O. Fr. ataindre, ateindre, to attain, i.e. to strike, accuse, condemn; Lat. attingere, tangere, to touch; the meaning has been greatly affected by the confusion with Fr. taindre, teindre, to taint, stain, Lat. tingere, to dye)

attainder, subsequently making an unsuccessful See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt through See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• ESSEX, KINGDOM OF
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

Essex to avert the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty) . Hyde's See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance, however, to the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of England was as staunch as his support of the law, and was soon to See also:

• SEPARATE

separate him from the popular See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction . In February 1641 he opposed the reception of the London petition against See also:

• EPISCOPACY (from Late Lat. episcopatus, the office of a bishop, episcopas)

episcopacy, and in May the project for unity of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion with the Scots, and the See also:

• BILL

bill for the exclusion of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy from See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office . He showed See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy in his opposition to the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

Root and See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

Branch Bill, and, though made chairman of the See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee on the bill on the rrth of See also:

• JULY

July in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to silence his opposition, he caused by his successful obstruction the failure of the measure . In consequence he was summoned to the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's presence, and encouraged in his attitude, and at the beginning of the second session was regarded as one of the king's ablest supporters in the See also:

• COMMONS

Commons . He considered the claims put forward at this time by parliament as a violation and not as a See also:

• GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee of the law and constitution . He opposed the demand by the parliament to choose the king's ministers, and also the See also:

• GRAND

Grand Remonstrance, to which he wrote a reply published by the king .

He now definitely though not openly joined the royal cause, and refused office in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1642 with See also:

• COLEPEPER, JOHN COLEPEPER (or CULPEPPER)

Colepeper and Falkland in order to serve the king's interests more effectually . See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles undertook to do nothing in the Commons without their See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice . Nevertheless a few days afterwards, without their knowledge and by the advice of Lord See also:

• DIGBY, KENELM HENRY (1800-188o)
• DIGBY, SIR EVERARD (1578-1606)
• DIGBY, SIR KENELM (1603-1665)

Digby, he attempted the See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest of the five members, a resort to force which reduced Hyde to despair, and which indeed seemed to show that things had gone too far for an See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to the law . He persevered, nevertheless, in his legal policy, to which Charles after the failure of his project again returned, joined the king openly in See also:

• JUNE

June, and continued to compose the king's answers and declarations in which he appealed to the " known See also:

• LAWS

Laws of the See also:

• LAND

land " against the arbitrary and illegal acts of a seditious See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority in the parliament, his advice to the king being " to shelter himself wholly under the law, . . . presuming that the king and the law together would have been strong enough for any encounter." Hyde's appeal had See also:

• GREAT

great influence, and gained for the king's cause See also:

• HALF

half the nation . It by no means, however, met with universal support among the royalists, See also:

• HOBBES, THOMAS (1588–1679)

Hobbes jeering at Hyde's love for " mixed See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy," and the courtiers expressing their disapproval of the " spirit of See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation " which " wounded the regality." It was destined to failure owing principally to the invincible distrust of Charles created in the parliament leaders, and to the fact that Charles was simultaneously carrying on another and an inconsistent policy, listening to very different advisers, such as the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen and Digby, and resolving on See also:

• MEASURES

measures (such as the attempt on See also:

• HULL
• HULL (in O.Eng. hulu, from helan, to cover, cf. Ger. Hiille, covering)
• HULL (officially KINGSTON-UPON-HULL)
• HULL, ISAAC (1775-1843)

Hull) without Hyde's knowledge or approval . See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, accordingly, in spite of his efforts, See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out . He was expelled the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of Commons on the 11th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1642, and was one of those excepted later from See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon . He showed great activity in See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting loans, was See also:

• PRESENT

present at Edgehill, though not as a combatant, and followed the king to Oxford, residing at All Souls College from See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1642 till See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1645 . On the 22nd of • Hist. of the See also:

• REBELLION

Rebellion, iii . 164, the See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account being substantially accepted by See also:

• GARDINER
• GARDINER, JAMES (1688-1745)
• GARDINER, SAMUEL RAWSON (1829–1902)
• GARDINER, STEPHEN (c. 1493–1555)

Gardiner, in spite of inaccuracies in details (Hist. ix . 341, See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note) .

February he was made a privy councillor and knighted, and on the 3rd of March appointed See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of the See also:

• EXCHEQUER

exchequer . He was an influential member of the " Junto " which met every See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week to discuss business before it was laid before the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council . His aim was to gain over some of the leading Parliamentarians by See also:

• PERSONAL

personal influence and personal considerations, and at the See also:

• UXBRIDGE

Uxbridge negotiations in January 1645, where he acted as See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal manager on the king's See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, while remaining See also:

• FIRM

firm on the great See also:

• POLITICAL

political questions such as the church and the See also:

• MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

militia, he tried to win individuals by promises of places and honours . He promoted the See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of the Oxford parliament in December 1643 as a counterpoise to the influence and status of the Long Parliament . Hyde's policy and measures, however, all failed . They had been weakly and irregularly supported by the king, and were fiercely opposed by the military party, who were jealous of the See also:

• CIVIL

civil influence, and were urging Charles to See also:

• TRUST

trust to force and arms alone and eschew all See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise and concessions . Charles See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell now under the influence of persons devoid of all legal and constitutional scruples, sending to Glamorgan in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland " those See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers and instructions inexcusable to See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, piety and prudence." 2 'Hyde's influence was much diminished, and on the 4th of March 1645 he See also:

• LEFT

left the king for See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol as one of the guardians of the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of Wales and See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west . Here the disputes between the council and the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army paralysed the proceedings, and lost, according to Hyde, the finest opportunity since the outbreak of the war of raising a strong force and gaining substantial victories in that part of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . After See also:

• HOPTON, RALPH HOPTON, BARON (1598-1652)

Hopton's defeat on the 16th of February 1646, at See also:

• TORRINGTON
• TORRINGTON (GREAT TORRINGTON)
• TORRINGTON, GEORGE BYNG, VISCOUNT (1663-1733)

Torrington, Hyde accompanied the prince, on the 4th of March, to Scilly, and on the 17th of See also:

• APRIL

April, for greater See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security, to See also:

• JERSEY
• JERSEY, EARLS OF

Jersey . He strongly disapproved of the prince's removal to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France by the queen's order and of the schemes of assistance from abroad, refused to accompany him, and signed a See also:

• BOND
• BOND, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1815-1898)

bond to prevent the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of Jersey to the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French supported by Jermyn . He opposed the projected See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice of the church to the Scots and the See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant by the king of any but personal or temporary concessions, declaring that See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace was only possible " upon the old See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government in church and See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state." He was especially averse to Charles's tampering with the Irish Romanists . " Oh, Mr Secretary," he wrote to See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas, " those stratagems have given me more sad See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours than all the misfortunes in war which have befallen the king and look like the effects of God's anger towards us." 3 Ile refused to See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound for his own See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate .

While in Jersey he resided first at St Helier and afterwards at See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle with Sir George See also:

• CARTERET, SIR GEORGE (c. 1610-1680)

Carteret . He composed the first portion of his See also:

• HISTORY

History and kept in See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with events by means of an enormous See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence . In 1648 he published A Full See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to an infamous and traiterous Pamphlet . . ., a reply to the See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution of the parliament to present no more addresses to the king and a vindication of Charles . On the outbreak of the second Civil War Hyde left Jersey (26th of June 1648) to join the queen and prince at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . He landed at See also:

• DIEPPE

Dieppe, sailed from.that See also:

• PORT

port to See also:

• DUNKIRK
• DUNKIRK (Fr. Dunkerque)

Dunkirk, and thence followed the prince to the See also:

• THAMES

Thames, where Charles had met the See also:

• FLEET

fleet, but was captured and robbed by a See also:

• PRIVATEER

privateer, and only joined the prince in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September after the latter's return to the See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague . He strongly disapproved of the king's concessions at See also:

• NEWPORT

Newport . When the army broke off the treaty and brought Charles to trial he endeavoured to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save his life, and after the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution drew up a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to the several See also:

• EUROPEAN

European sovereigns invoking their assistance to avenge it . Hyde strongly opposed Charles II.'s ignominious surrender to the See also:

• COVENANTERS

Covenanters, the See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with the Scots, and the Scottish expedition, desiring to accomplish whatever was possible there through See also:

• MONTROSE
• MONTROSE, JAMES GRAHAM, MARQUESS OF (1612—1650)
• MONTROSE, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF

Montrose and the royalists, and inclined rather to an attempt in Ireland . His advice was not followed, and he gladly accepted a See also:

• MISSION

mission with See also:

• COTTINGTON, FRANCIS COTTINGTON, BARON (1578-1652)

Cottington to See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain to obtain See also:

• MONEY

money from the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic powers, and to arrange an alliance between See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
• OWEN, JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] (c. 1560-1622)
• OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858)
• OWEN, SIR HUGH (1804-1881)
• OWEN, SIR RICHARD (1804–1892)

Owen O'See also:

• NEILL, JAMES GEORGE SMITH (1810-1857)

Neill and See also:

• ORMONDE, EARL AND MARQUESS OF
• ORMONDE, JAMES BUTLER, 1ST DUKE
• ORMONDE, JAMES BUTLER, 2ND DUKE OF (1665-1745)

Ormonde for the recovery of Ireland, arriving at See also:

• MADRID

Madrid on the 26th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1649 . The defeat, however, of Charles at See also:

• DUNBAR, GEORGE (1774—1851)
• DUNBAR, PAUL LAURENCE (1872–1906)
• DUNBAR, WILLIAM (c. 1460-c. 1520)

Dunbar, and the See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation of See also:

• CROMWELL, HENRY (1628-1674)
• CROMWELL, OLIVER (1599-1658)
• CROMWELL, RICHARD (1626–1712)
• CROMWELL, THOMAS, EARL OF

Cromwell's ascendancy, influenced the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish government 2 Clarendon St . Pap. ii .

337 . 3 Ibid . against them, and they were ordered to leave in December 165o . Hyde arrived at See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp in January 1651, and in December rejoined Charles at Paris after the latter's See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from See also:

• WORCESTER
• WORCESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• WORCESTER, JOHN TIPTOFT, EARL OF (1427—1470)
• WORCESTER, WILLIAM (c. 1415-c. 1482)

Worcester . He now became one of his See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief advisers, accompanying him in his See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence to See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne in October 1654 and to See also:

• BRUGES (Flemish Brugge, a name signifying the bridge or place of bridges)

Bruges in 165$, and was appointed lord chancellor on the 13th of January 1658 . His influence was henceforth maintained in spite of the intrigues of both Romanists and Presbyterians, as well as the violent and openly displayed hostility of the queen, and was employed unremittingly in the endeavour to keep Charles faithful to the church and constitution, and in the prevention of unwise concessions and promises which might estrange the general See also:

• BODY

body of the royalists . His advice to Charles was to wait upon the turn of events, " that all his activity was to consist in carefully avoiding to do anything that might do him hurt and to expect some blessed conjuncture."1 In 1656, during the war between England and Spain, Charles received offers of help from the latter See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power provided he could gain a port in England, but Hyde discouraged small isolated attempts . He expected much from Cromwell's death . The same See also:

• YEAR

year he made an alliance with the See also:

• LEVELLERS

Levellers, and was informed of their plots to assassinate the See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector, without apparently expressing any disapproval.2 He was well supplied with See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information from England,3 and guided the action of the royalists with great ability and See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom during the See also:

• INTERVAL

interval between Cromwell's death and the Restoration, urged See also:

• PATIENCE

patience, and advocated the obstruction of a See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement between the factions contending for power and the fomentation of their jealousies, rather than premature risings . The Restoration was a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph for Hyde's policy . He See also:

• LAYS

lays no stress on his own great part in it, but it was owing to him that the Restoration was a See also:

• NATIONAL

national one, by the consent and invitation of parliament representing the whole See also:

• PEOPLE

people and not through the See also:

• MEDIUM

medium of one powerful faction enforcing its will upon a minority, and that it was not only a restoration of Charles but a restoration of the monarchy . By Hyde's advice concessions to the inconvenient demands of special factions had been avoided by referring the decision to a " See also:

• FREE

free parliament," and the See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of .

See also:

• BREDA

Breda reserved for parliament the settlement of the questions of See also:

• AMNESTY (from the Gr. &µvrly-ria, oblivion)

amnesty, religious See also:

• TOLERATION (from Lat. tolerare, to endure)

toleration and the proprietorship of forfeited lands . Hyde entered London with the king, all attempts at effecting his fall having failed, and immediately obtained the chief See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the government, retaining the chancellorship of the exchequer till the 13th cif May 1661, when he surrendered it to Lord See also:

• ASHLEY, WILLIAM JAMES (186o- )

Ashley . He took his seat as See also:

• SPEAKER

speaker of the House of Lords and in the court of See also:

• CHANCERY

chancery on the 1st of June 166o . On the 3rd of November 166o he was made See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron Hyde of Hindon, and on the loth of April 1661 See also:

• VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

Viscount Cornbury and earl of Clarendon, receiving a grant from the king of £20,000 and at different times of various small estates and Irish rents . The See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage of his daughter Anne to See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, celebrated in See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret in September 166o, at first alarmed . Clarendon on account of the public hostility he expected thereby to incur, but finding his fears unconfirmed he acquiesced in its public recognition in December, and thus became related in a special manner to the royal family and the grandfather of two English sovereigns.' Clarendon's position was one of great difficulties, but at the same time of splendid opportunities . In particular a rare occasion now offered itself of settling the religious question on a broad principle of comprehension or toleration; for the monarchy had been restored not by the supporters of the church alone but largely by the influence and aid of the nonconformists and also of the Roman Catholics, who were all See also:

• UNITED

united at that happy 1 Hist. of the Rebellion, xiii . 140 . 2 Clarendon State Papers, iii . 316, 325, 341, 343 . 8 His' . See also:

• MSS

MSS .

See also:

• COMM

Comm.: MSS. of F . W . Leyborne-See also:

• POPHAM, SIR HOME RIGGS (1762-1820)
• POPHAM, SIR JOHN (c. 1531-1607)

Popham, 227 . ' Anne Hyde (1637-1671), eldest daughter of the chancellor, was the See also:

• MOTHER

mother by James of Queen See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary and Queen Anne, besides six other See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, including four sons who all died in See also:

• INFANCY

infancy, She became a Roman Catholic in 167o shortly before her death, and was buried in the vault of Mary, queen of Scots, in Henry VII.'s See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel in See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

Abbey.moment by a common See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty to the See also:

• THRONE

throne . Clarendon appears to have approved of comprehension but not of toleration . He had already in April 166o sent to discuss terms with the leading Presbyterians in England, and after the Restoration offered bishoprics to several, including See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• BAXTER, ANDREW (1686-1750)
• BAXTER, RICHARD (1615-1691)
• BAXTER, ROBERT DUDLEY (1827-1875)
• BAXTER, WILLIAM (1650-1723)

Baxter . He drew up the royal declaration of October, promising limited episcopacy and a revised See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer-See also:

• BOOK

book and See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual, which was subsequently thrown out by parliament, and he appears to have anticipated some See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of settlement from the See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy See also:

• CONFERENCE

Conference which sat in April 1661 . The failure of the latter proved perhaps that the See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences were too great for compromise, and widened the See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach . The parliament immediately proceeded to pass the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of narrow and tyrannical measures against the dissenters known as the Clarendon See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

Code . The Corporations See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act, obliging members of corporations to denounce the See also:

• COVENANT
• COVENANT (an O. Fr. form, later convenant, from convenir, to agree, Lat. convenire)

Covenant and take the See also:

• SACRAMENT

sacrament according to the See also:

• ANGLICAN

Anglican usage, became law on the loth of December 1661, the Act of Uniformity enforcing the use of the prayer-book on ministers, as well as a declaration that it was unlawful to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear arms against the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign, on the 19th of May 1662, and these were followed by the Conventicle Act in 1664 suppressing conventicles and by the Five-Mile Act in 1665 forbidding ministers who had refused subscription to the Act of Uniformity to See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach or reside within 5 M. of a See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough . Clarendon appears to have reluctantly acquiesced in these civil measures rather than to have originated them, and to have endeavoured to mitigate their injustice and severity . He supported the continuance of the See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure by presbyterian ministers of livings not held by Anglicans and an See also:

• AMENDMENT (through the O. Fr. amender, to correct, from Lat. mendum, a fault)

amendment in the Lords allowing a See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension to those deprived, earning the gratitude of Baxter and the nonconformists .

On the 17th of March 1662 he introduced into parliament a declaration enabling the king to dispense with the Act of Uniformity in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of ministers of merit.' But once committed to the narrow policy of intolerance, Clarendon was inevitably involved in all its consevences . His characteristic respect for the Iaw and constitution rendered him hostile to the general policy of See also:

• INDULGENCE (Lat. indulgentia, indulgere, to grant, concede)

indulgence, which, though the favourite project of the king, he strongly opposed in the Lords, and in the end caused its withdrawal . He declared that he could have wished the law otherwise, " but when it was passed, he thought it absolutely necessary to see obedience paid to it without any connivance." 6 Charles was greatly angered . It was believed in May 1663 that the intrigues of Bennet and See also:

• BUCKINGHAM
• BUCKINGHAM, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• BUCKINGHAM, FIRST DUKE
• BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 1ST DUKE 0E1
• BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 2ND DUKE 0E1 (1628-1687)
• BUCKINGHAM, HENRY STAFFORD, 2ND DUKE OF3 (1454-1483)
• BUCKINGHAM, JAMES SILK (1786-1855)

Buckingham, who seized the opportunity of ingratiating them-selves with the king by zealously supporting the indulgence, had secured Clarendon's dismissal, and in July Bristol ventured to accuse him of high See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason in the parliament; but the attack, which did not receive the king's support, failed entirely and only ended in the banishment from court of its See also:

• PROMOTER

promoter . Clarendon's opposition to the court policy in this way acquired a personal See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, and he was compelled to identify himself more completely with the intolerant measures of the House of Commons . Though not the originator of the Conventicle Act or of the Five-Mile Act, he has recorded his approval, and he ended by taking alarm at plots and rumours and by regarding the great party of nonconformists, through whose co-operation the monarchy had been restored, as a danger to the state whose " faction was their religion." 8 Meanwhile Clarendon's influence and direction had been predominant in nearly all departments of state . He supported the exception of the actual regicides from the See also:

• INDEMNITY (through Fr. indemnite, Lat. indemnis, free from damage or loss; in-, negative, and damnum, loss)

Indemnity, but only ten out of the twenty-six condemned were executed, and Clarendon, with the king's support, prevented the passing of a bill in 1661 for the execution of thirteen more . He upheld the Act of Indemnity against all the attempts of the royalists to upset it . The conflicting claims to estates were left to be decided by the law . The confiscations of the usurping government accordingly were cancelled, while the properly executed transactions ' See Hist . MSS . Comm.: Various Collections, ii .

118, and MSS. of Duke of See also:

• SOMERSET, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SOMERSET, EDMUND BEAUFORT, DUKE OF (c. 1404–1455)
• SOMERSET, EDWARD SEYMOUR, DUKE OF (c. 1506–1552)
• SOMERSET, LORD ROBERT EDWARD HENRY (1776-1842)
• SOMERSET, ROBERT CARR (or KER), EARL OF (e. 1590-1645)

Somerset, 94 . 6 Continuation, 339 . 7 lb . 511, 776 . 8 See also:

• LISTER, JOSEPH LISTER
• LISTER, MARTIN (c. 1638-1712)

Lister's Life of' larendon, ii . 295; Hist . MSS . Comm.: Various Collections, ii . 379 . between individuals were necessarily upheld . There can be little doubt that the principle followed was the only safe one in the prevailing confusion . Great injustice was indeed suffered by individuals, but the proper remedy of such injustice was the benevolence of the king, which there is too much See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to believe proved inadequate and partial .

The settlement of the church lands which was directed by Clarendon presented equal difficulties and involved equal hardships . In settling See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland Clarendon's aim was to make that See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom dependent upon England and to uphold the Cromwellian See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union . He proposed to establish a council at See also:

• WHITEHALL

Whitehall to govern Scottish affairs, and showed great zeal in endeavouring to restore episcopacy through the medium of See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

Sharp . His influence, however, ended with the ascendancy of See also:

• LAUDERDALE, JOHN MAITLAND, DUKE OF (1616–1682)

Lauderdale in 1663 . He was, to some extent at least, responsible for the settlement in Ireland, but, while anxious for an See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment upon a solid See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant basis, urged " See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper and moderation and justice " in securing it . He supported Ormonde's See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise and enlightened Irish See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, and in particular opposed persistently the See also:

• PROHIBITION (Lat. prohibere, to prevent)

prohibition of the import of Irish See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle into England, incurring thereby great unpopularity . He showed great activity in the See also:

• ADVANCEMENT

advancement of the colonies, to whom he allowed full freedom of religion . He was a member of the council for See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign plantations, and one of the eight lords proprietors of Carolina in 1663; and in 1664 sent a See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle disputes in New England . In the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of foreign affairs he had less influence . His policy was limited to the See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of peace " necessary for the reducing [the king's] own dominions into that temper of subjection and obedience as they ought to be in."' In 1664 he demanded, on behalf of Charles, French support, and a See also:

• LOAN (adapted from the Scandinavian form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Swed. Mn, Icel. lan, Dut. leen; the O.E. laen appears in " lend," the ultimate source is seen in the root of Gr. Xeiaecv and Lat. linquere, to leave)

loan of £50,000 against disturbance at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, and thus initiated that ignominious See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• PENSIONS

pensions and dependence upon France which proved so injurious to English interests later . But he was the promoter neither of the sale of Dunkirk on the 27th of October 1662, the author of which seems to have been the earl of See also:

• SANDWICH
• SANDWICH, EDWARD MONTAGU, or MOUNTAGU, 1ST EARL OF (1625–1672)
• SANDWICH, JOHN MONTAGU, 4TH EARL OF (1718–1792)

Sandwich,2 nor of the Dutch War . He attached considerable value to the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the former, but when its sale was decided he See also:

• CON

con-ducted the negotiations and effected the bargain .

He had zealously laboured for peace with See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, and had concluded a treaty for the settlement of disputes on the 4th of September 1662 . Commercial and See also:

• NAVAL

naval jealousies, however, soon involved the two states in hostilities . Cape Corso and other Dutch possessions on the cost of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, and New See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam in See also:

• AMERICA

America, were seized by squadrons from the royal See also:

• NAVY

navy in 1664, and hostilities were declared on the 22nd of February 1665 . Clarendon now gave his support to the war, asserted the extreme claims of the English See also:

• CROWN

crown over the See also:

• BRITISH

British seas, and contemplated fresh cessions from the Dutch and an alliance with See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden and Spain . According to his own account he initiated the policy of the Triple Alliance,' but it seems clear that his inclination towards France continued in spite of the intervention of the latter state in favour of Holland; and he took part in the negotiations for ending the war by an undertaking with See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV. implying a See also:

• NEUTRALITY

neutrality, while the latter seized See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders . The crisis in this feeble foreign policy and in the general See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official mismanagement was reached in June 1667, when the Dutch burnt several See also:

• SHIPS

ships at See also:

• CHATHAM
• CHATHAM, WILLIAM PITT

Chatham and when " the roar of foreign guns were heard for the first and last time by the citizens of London."4 The whole responsibility for the national calamity and disgrace, and for the ignominious peace which followed it, was unjustly thrown on the shoulders of Clarendon, though it must be admitted that the disjointed state of the administration and want of See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control over foreign policy were largely the causes of the disaster, and for these Clarendon's influence and obstruction of official reforms were to some extent answerable . According to Sir See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• COVENTRY, SIR JOHN (d. 1682)
• COVENTRY, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1628-1686)
• COVENTRY, THOMAS COVENTRY, 1ST BARON (2578–1640)

Coventry, whose See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion has See also:

• WEIGHT

weight and who acknowledges the chancellor's fidelity to the king, while Clarendon " was ' Continuation, 1170 . 2 Hist . MSS . Comm.: MSS. of F . W . Leyborne-Popham, 250 .

' Continuation, 1o66 . ° See also:

• MACAULAY, THOMAS BABINGTON MACAULAY, BARON (1800-1859)

Macaulay's Hist. of England, i . 193.so great at the council See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board and in the administration of matters, there was no See also:

• ROOM

room for anybody to propose any remedy to what was remiss . . . he managing all things with that greatness which will now be removed." 6 He disapproved of the system of boards and committees instituted during the See also:

• COMMONWEALTH

Commonwealth, as giving too much power to the parliament, and regarded the administration by the great See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of state, to the exclusion of pure men of business, as the only method compatible with the dignity and security of the monarchy . The lowering of the See also:

• PRESTIGE

prestige of the privy council, and its subordination first to the parliament and afterwards to the military faction, he considered as one of the chief causes of the fall of Charles I . He aroused a strong feeling of hostility in the Commons by his opposition to the See also:

• APPROPRIATION (from Lat. appropriare, to set aside)

appropriation of supplies in 1665, and to the See also:

• AUDIT

audit of the war accounts in 1666, as " an introduction to a commonwealth " and as " a new encroachment," and by his high See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone of See also:

• PREROGATIVE

prerogative and authority, while by his advice to Charles to prorogue parliament he incurred their resentment and gave See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour to the See also:

• ACCUSATION (Lat. accusatio, accusare, to challenge to a causa, a suit or trial at law)

accusation that he had advised the king to govern without parliaments . He was unpopular among all classes, among the royalists on account of the Act of Indemnity, among the Presbyterians because of the Act of Uniformity . It was said that he had invented the See also:

• MAXIM, SIR HIRAM STEVENS (184o- )

maxim " that the king should buy and See also:

• REWARD

reward his enemies and do little for his friends, because they are his already . " 9 Every kind of maladministration was currently ascribed to him, of designs to govern by a See also:

• STANDING

standing army, and of corruption . He was credited with having married Charles purposely to a barren queen in order to raise his own grandchildren to the throne, with having sold Dunkirk to France, and his magnificent house in St James's was nicknamed " Dunkirk House," while on the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of the Dutch attack on Chatham the See also:

• MOB

mob set up a gibbet at his See also:

• GATE

gate and broke his windows . He had always been exceedingly unpopular at court, and kept severely aloof from the See also:

• REVELS, MASTER OF THE

revels and See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence which reigned there . See also:

• EVELYN, JOHN (1620-1706)

Evelyn names " the buffoons and the misses to whom he was an eyesore." 7 He was intensely disliked by the royal mistresses, whose favour he did not condescend to seek, and whose presence and influence were often the subject of his reproaches.$ A party of younger men of the king's own age, more congenial to his temperament, and eager to drive the old chancellor from power and to succeed him in office, had for some time been endeavouring to undermine his influence by ridicule and intrigue .

Surrounded by such general and violent animosity, Clarendon's only See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope could be in the support of the king . But the chancellor had See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early and accurately gauged the nature and extent of the king's See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment to him, which proceeded neither from See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection nor gratitude but " from his aversion to be troubled with the intricacies of his affairs," and in 1661 he had resisted the importunities of Ormonde to resign the great See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal for the lord treasurership with the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of " first See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister," " a See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title newly translated out of French into English," on account of the obloquy this position would incur and the further dependence which it entailed upon the inconstant king.9 Charles, long weary of the old chancellor's rebukes, was especially incensed at this time owing to his failure in securing Frances See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

Stuart (la Belle Stuart) for his seraglio, a disappointment which he attributed to Clarendon, and was now alarmed by the hostility which his administration had excited . He did not See also:

• SCRUPLE

scruple to sacrifice at once the old adherent of his house and fortunes . " The truth is," he wrote Ormonde, " his behaviour and See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour was grown so insupportable to myself and all the See also:

• WORLD

world else that I could no longer endure it, and it was impossible for me to live with it and do these things with the Parliament that must be done, or the government will be lost." 19 By the direction of Charles, James advised Clarendon to resign before the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting of parliament, but in an interview with the king on the 26th of August Clarendon refused to deliver up the seal unless dismissed, and urged him not to take a step ruinous to the interests both of the chancellor See also:

• PEPYS, SAMUEL (1633-1703)

Pepys's See also:

• DIARY

Diary, See also:

• SEPT

Sept . 2, 1667 . e Hist . MSS . Comm., 7th See also:

• REP, REPP, or REPS

Rep . 162 . Diary, in . 95, 96 . 8 Lives from the Clarendon See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

Gallery, by See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady Th .

See also:

• LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL
• LEWIS, JOHN FREDERICK (180 1876)
• LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775-1818)
• LEWIS, MERIWETHER (1774-1809)
• LEWIS, SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL, BART

Lewis, i . 39; See also:

• BURNET
• BURNET, GILBERT (1643-1715)
• BURNET, THOMAS (1635-1715)

Burnet's Hist. of his own Times, i . 209 . 9 Continuation, 88 . 10 Lister's Life of Clarendon, ii . 416 . himself and of the crown.' He could not believe his dismissal was really intended, but on the 3oth of August he was deprived of the great seal, for which the king received the thanks of the parliament on the 16th of October . On the 12th of November his impeachment, consisting of various charges of arbitrary government, corruption and maladministration, was brought up to the Lords, but the latter refused to order his committal, on the ground that the Commons had only accused him of treason in general without specifying any particular See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge . Clarendon wrote humbly to the king asking for pardon, and that the See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution might be prevented, but Charles had openly taken part against him, and, though desiring his escape, would not order or assist his departure for fear of the Commons . Through the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• HEREFORD

Hereford, however, on the 29th of November he pressed Clarendon to See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly, promising that he should not during his See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence suffer in his See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour or See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune . Clarendon embarked the same See also:

• NIGHT

night for See also:

• CALAIS

Calais, where he arrived on the 2nd of December . The Lords immediately passed an act for his banishment and ordered the petition forwarded by him to parliament to be burnt .

The See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of Clarendon's life was passed in See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile . He left Calais for See also:

• ROUEN

Rouen on the 25th of December, returning on the 21st of January 1668, visiting the See also:

• BATHS

baths of See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon in April, thence to See also:

• AVIGNON

Avignon in June, residing from July 1668 till June 1671 at See also:

• MONTPELLIER

Montpellier, whence he proceeded to See also:

• MOULINS

Moulins and to Rouen again in May 1674 . His sudden banishment entailed great personal hardships . His See also:

• HEALTH

health at the time of his See also:

• FLIGHT

flight was much impaired, and on arriving at Calais he fell dangerously See also:

• ILL

ill; and Louis XIV., anxious at this time to gain popularity in England, sent him See also:

• PEREMPTORY

peremptory and repeated orders to quit France . He suffered severely from See also:

• GOUT

gout, and during the greater part of his exile could not walk without the aid of two men . At See also:

• EVREUX

Evreux, on the 23rd of April 1668, he was the victim of a murderous See also:

• ASSAULT (from Lat. ad, to or on, and saltare, to leap)

assault by English sailors, who attributed to him the non-See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of their See also:

• WAGES (the plural of " wage," from Late Lat. wadium, a pledge, O. Fr. wagier, gagier)

wages, and who were on the point of despatching him when he was rescued by the guard . For some time he was not allowed to see any of his children; even correspondence with him was rendered treasonable by the Act of Banishment; and it was not apparently till 1671, 1673 and 1674 that he received visits from his sons, the younger, See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence Hyde, being present with him at his death . Clarendon See also:

• BORE

bore his troubles with great dignity and fortitude . He found See also:

• CONSOLATION (Fr. consolation, Lat. consolatio, from consolari, to assuage, comfort, console)

consolation in religious duties, and devoted a portion of every day to the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of his Contemplations on the See also:

• PSALMS, BOOK
• PSALMS, BOOK OF, or PSALTER

Psalms, and of his moral essays . Removed effectually from the public See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene, and from all See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in present politics, he turned his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention once more to the past and finished his History and his Autobiography . Soon after reaching Calais he had written, on the 17th of December 1667, to the university of Oxford, desiring as his last See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request that the university should believe in his innocence and remember him, though there could be no further mention of him in their public devotions, in their private prayers.2 In 1668 he wrote to the duke and duchess of York to remonstrate on the See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report that they had turned Roman Catholic, to the former urging " You cannot be without zeal for the Church to which your blessed father made himself a sacrifice," adding that such a change would bring a great See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm against the Romanists . He entertained to the last hopes of obtaining leave to return to England .

He asked for permission in June 1671 and in August 1674 . In the See also:

• DEDICATION (Lat. dedicatio, from dedicare, to proclaim, to announce)

dedication of his Brief View of Mr Hobbes's Book See also:

• LEVIATHAN

Leviathan he repeats " the hope which sustains my weak, decayed See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits that your See also:

• MAJESTY (Fr. majeste; Lat. majestas, grandeur, greatness, from the base mag-, as in magnus, great, major, greater, &c.)

Majesty will at some time See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call to your remembrance my long and incorrupted fidelity to your See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person and your service "; but his petitions were not even answered or noticed . He died at Rouen on the 9th of December 1674 . He was buried in Westminster Abbey at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the steps at the entrance to Henry VII.'s chapel . He left two sons, Henry, 2nd earl of Clarendon, and Lawrence, earl of See also:

• ROCHESTER
• ROCHESTER, JOHN WILMOT, 2ND EARL
• ROCHESTER, LAWRENCE HYDE, EARL OF (1641-1711)

Rochester, his daughter Anne, duchess of York, and a third son, See also:

• EDWARD

Edward, having predeceased him . His male descend-ants became See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct on the death of the 4th earl of Clarendon and 2nd earl of Rochester in 1753, the title of Clarendon being ' Continuation, 1137 . 2 Clarendon St . Pap. iii . Suppl. See also:

• XXXVII

xxxvii.revived in 1776 in the person of Thomas See also:

• VILLIERS, CHARLES PELHAM (1802-1898)

Villiers, who had married the granddaughter and heir of the last earl . As a statesman Clarendon had obvious limitations and failings . He brought to the See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of political questions an essentially legal but also a narrow mind, conceiving the law, " that great and admirable See also:

• MYSTERY (Gr. µw(Trilpcov, from tcuvrm, an initiate, µfew, to shut the mouth)

mystery," and the constitution as fixed, unchangeable and sufficient for all time, in contrast to See also:

• PYM, JOHN (1584-1643)

Pym, who regarded them as living organisms capable of continual development and See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution; and he was incapable of comprehending and governing the new conditions and forces created by the civil See also:

• WARS

wars . His character, however, and therefore to some extent his career, bear the indelible marks of greatness .

He left the popular cause at the moment of its triumph and showed in so doing a strict consistency . In a court degraded by licence and self-indulgence, he maintained his self-respect and personal dignity regardless of consequences, and in an age of almost universal corruption and self-seeking he preserved a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble integrity and patriotism . At the Restoration he showed great moderation in accepting rewards . He refused a grant of ro,000 acres in the See also:

• FENS

Fens from the king on the ground that it would create an evil precedent, and amused Charles and James by his indignation at the offer of a present of £ro,000 from the French minister See also:

• FOUQUET (or FOUCQUET), NICOLAS (1615-168o)

Fouquet, the only present he accepted from Louis XIV. being a set of books printed at the Louvre . His' income, however, as lord chancellor was very large, and Clarendon maintained considerable state, considering it due to the dignity of the monarchy that the high officers should carry the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external marks of greatness . The house built by him in St James's was one of the most magnificent ever seen in England, and was filled with a collection of portraits, chiefly those of contemporary statesmen and men of letters . It cost Clarendon £50,000, involved him deeply ,in See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt and was considered one of the chief causes of the " gust of envy " that caused his fall.3 He is described as " a See also:

• FAIR

fair, ruddy, See also:

• FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

fat, middle-statured, handsome See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man," and his See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance was stately and dignified . He expected deference from his inferiors, and one of the chief charges which he brought against the party of the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young politicians was the want of respect with which they treated himself and the lord treasurer . His industry and devotion to public business, of which proofs still remain in the enormous See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of his state papers and correspondence, were exemplary, and were rendered all the more conspicuous by the See also:

• NEGLIGENCE (Lat. negligentia, from negligere, to neglect, literally " not to pick up ")

negligence, inferiority in business, and frivolity of his successors . As lord chancellor Clarendon made no great impression in the court of chancery . His early legal training had long been interrupted, and his political preoccupations probably rendered necessary the delegation of many of his judicial duties to others . According to Speaker See also:

• ONSLOW, ARTHUR (1691-1768)
• ONSLOW, EARL OF

Onslow his decrees were always made with the aid of two judges .

Burnet praises him, however, as " a very good chancellor, only a little too rough but very impartial in the administration of justice,", and Pepys, who saw him presiding in his court, perceived him to be " a most able and ready man." 4 According to Evelyn, "though no considerable lawyer" he was " one who kept up the fame and substance of things in the nation with . . . solemnity." He made good appointments to the See also:

• BENCH (an O.E. and Eng. form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Bank, Dan. baenk and the Eng. doublet " bank ")

bench and issued some important orders for the reform of abuses in his court.' As chancellor of Oxford University, to which office he was elected on the 27th of October r66o, Clarendon promoted 1 he restoration of order and various educational reforms . In 1753 his See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts were left to the university by his great-See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson Lord Cornbury, and in 1868 the money gained by publication was spent in erecting the Clarendon Laboratory, the profits of the History having provided in 1713 a See also:

• BUILDING

building for the university See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press adjoining the Sheldonian See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, known since the removal of the press to its present quarters as the Clarendon Building . Clarendon had risen to high office largely through his literary and oratorical gifts . His eloquence was greatly admired by 3 Evelyn witnessed its demolition in 1683-Diary, May 19th, Sept . 18th; Lives from the Clarendon Gallery, by Lady Th . Lewis, i . 40 . 4 Diary, July 14th, 1664 . 4 Lister, ii . 528 . Evelyn and Pepys, though Burnet criticises it as too copious .

He was a great See also:

• LOVER, SAMUEL (1797-1868)

lover of books and collected a large library, was well read in the Roman and in the contemporary histories both foreign and English, and could appreciate See also:

• CAREW, GEORGE (d. about 1613)
• CAREW, RICHARD (1555–1620)
• CAREW, THOMAS (1595–1645?)

Carew, Ben Jonson and See also:

• COWLEY, ABRAHAM (1618-1667)
• COWLEY, HANNAH (1743-1809)
• COWLEY, HENRY RICHARD CHARLES WELLESLEY

Cowley . As a writer and historian Clarendon occupies a high place in English literature . His great See also:

• WORK

work, the History of the Rebellion, is composed in the grand See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style . A characteristic feature is the wonderful series of well-known portraits, See also:

• DRAWN

drawn with great skill and liveliness and especially praised by Evelyn and by Macaulay . The long digressions, the lengthy sentences, and the numerous parentheses do not See also:

• ACCORD (from Fr. accorder, to agree)

accord with See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste and usage, but it may be observed that these often follow more closely the natural involutions of the thought, and See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express the See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument more clearly, than the short disconnected sentences, now generally employed, while in See also:

• RHYTHM (Greek pvBµds, from bap, to flow)

rhythm and dignity Clarendon's style is immeasurably See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior . The composition, however, of the work as a whole is totally wanting in proportion, and the book is overloaded with state papers, misplaced and tedious in the narrative . In considering the accuracy of the history it is important to remember the See also:

• DATES

dates and circumstances of the composition of its various portions . The published Hisiory is mainly a compilation of two separate See also:

• ORIGINAL

original manuscripts, the first being the history proper, written between 1646 and 1648, with the See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of a fresh memory and the help of various documents and authorities, and ending in March 1644, and the second being the Life, extending from 16o9 to 166o, but composed long afterwards in exile and without the aid of papers between 1668 and 1670 . The value of any statement, therefore, in the published History depends chiefly on whether it is taken from the History proper or the Life . In 1671 these two manuscripts were united by Clarendon with certain alterations and modifications making Books i.-vii. of the published History,while Books viii.-xv. were written subsequently, and, being composed for the most part without materials, are generally inaccurate, with the notable exception of Book ix., made up from two narratives written at Jersey in 1646, and containing very little from the Life . Sincerity and honest conviction are present on every See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page, and the in-accuracies are due not to wilful misrepresentation, but to failure of memory and to the disadvantages under which the author laboured in exile . But they lessen, considerably the value of his work, and detract from his reputation as chronicler of con-temporary events, for which he was specially fitted by his See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical experience in public business, a qualification declared by himself to be the " See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius, spirit and soul of an historian." In general, Clarendon, like many of his contemporaries, failed signally to comprehend the real issues and principles at stake in the great struggle, laying far too much stress on personalities and never understanding the real aims and motives of the Presbyterian party .

The work was first published in 1702–1704 from a copy of a transcript made by Clarendon's secretary, with a few unimportant alterations, and was the See also:

• OBJECT

object of a violent attack by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Oldmixon for supposed changes and omissions in Clarendon and See also:

• WHITELOCKE, BULSTRODE (1605-1675)
• WHITELOCKE, SIR JAMES (1570-1632)

Whitelocke compared (1727) and again in a See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface to his History of England (1730), repelled and refuted by John See also:

• BURTON, JOHN HILL (1809–1881)
• BURTON, ROBERT (1577-1640)
• BURTON, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816–f goo)
• BURTON, SIR RICHARD FRANCIS (1821-1890)
• BURTON, WILLIAM EVANS (1804-1860)

Burton in the Genuineness of Lord Clarendon's History Vindicated (1744) . The history was first published from the original in 1826; the best edition being that of 1888 edited by W . D . Macray and issued by the Clarendon Press . The Lord Clarendon's History . . . Compleated, a supplement containing portraits and illustrative papers, was published in 1717, and An Appendix to the History, containing a life, speeches and various pieces, in 1724 . The See also:

• SUTHERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Sutherland Clarendon in the Bodleian library at Oxford contains several thousand portraits and illustrations of the History . The Life of Edward, earl of Clarendon ...[and the] Continuation of the History . . ., the first consisting of that portion of the Life not included in the History, and the second of the account of Clarendon's administration and exile in France, begun in 1672, was published in 1759, the History of the Reign of King Charles II. from the Restoration . . ., published about 1755, being a surreptitious edition of this work, of which the latest and best edition is that of the Clarendon Press of 1857 . Clarendon was also the author of The Difference and Disparitybetween the Estate and See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

Condition of George, duke of Buckingham and See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert, earl of Essex, a youthful See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production vindicating Buckingham, printed in Reliquiae Wottonianae (1672), i .

184: Animadversions on a Book entitled Fanaticism (1673); A Brief View . . . of the dangerous . . . errors in . . . Mr Hobbes's book entitled " Leviathan " (1676); The History of the Rebellion and Civil War in Ireland (1719); A Collection of Several Pieces of Edward, earl of Clarendon, containing reprints of speeches from the See also:

• JOURNALS

journals of the House of . Lords and of the History of the Rebellion in Ireland (1727); A Collection of Several Tracts containing his Vindication in answer to his impeachment, Reflections upon several See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian Duties, Two Dialogues on See also:

• EDUCATION

Education and on the want of Respect due to age, and Contemplations on the Psalms (1727); Religion and Policy (1811); Essays moral and entertaining on the various faculties and passions of the human mind (1815, and in British See also:

• PROSE

Prose Writers, 1819, vol. i.); Speeches in See also:

• RUSHWORTH, JOHN (c. 1612-1690)

Rushworth's Collections (1692), pt. iii. vol. i . 230, 333; Declarations and Manifestos (Clarendon being the author of nearly all on the king's side between March 1642 and March 1645, the first being the answer to the Grand Remonstrance in January 1642, but not of the answer to the XIX . Propositions or the See also:

• APOLOGY (from Gr. &aoXoyia, defence)

apology for the King's attack upon See also:

• BRENTFORD

Brentford) in the published History, Rushworth's Collections, E . See also:

• HUSBAND

Husband's Collections of Ordinances and Declarations (1646), Old Parliamentary History (1751–1762), See also:

• SOMERS, JOHN SOMERS (or SOMMERS), BARON (1651–1716)

Somers Tracts, State Tracts, Harleian See also:

• MISCELLANY

Miscellany, Thomasson Tracts (Brit . See also:

• MUS

Mus.), E . 157 (14) ; and a large number of See also:

• ANONYMOUS

anonymous See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets aimed against the parliament, including Transcendent and Multiplied Rebellion and Treason (1645), A Letter from a True and Lawful Member of Parliament . . . to one of the Lords of his See also:

• HIGHNESS

Highness's Council (1656), and Two Speeches made in the House of Peers on See also:

• MONDAY (in O.E. Monandaeg, the moon's day, a translation of the Late Lat. Lunae dies, from which the French lundi is taken)

Monday 19th Dec .

[1642] . . . (Somers Tracts, See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott, vi . 576); Second Thoughts (n.d., in favour of a limited toleration) is ascribed to him in the See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

Catalogue in the British Museum; A Letter . . . to one of the Chief Ministers of the Nonconforming Party . . . (See also:

• SAUMUR

Saumur, 7th May 1674) has been attributed to him on insufficient See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence . Clarendon's correspondence, amounting to over Too volumes, is in the Bodleian library at Oxford, and other letters are to be found in Additional MSS. in the British Museum . Selections have been published under the title of State Papers Collected by Edward, earl of Clarendon (Clarendon State Papers) between 1767 and 1786, and the collection has been calendared up to 1657 in 1869, 1872, 1876 . Other letters of Clarendon are to be found in Lister's Life of Clarendon, iii.; Nicholas Papers (See also:

• CAMDEN
• CAMDEN, CHARLES PRATT, 1ST EARL (1714-1794)
• CAMDEN, JOHN JEFFREYS PRATT, 2ND EARL
• CAMDEN, WILLIAM (1551-1623)

Camden See also:

• SOC

Soc., 1886); Diary of J . Evelyn, appendix; Sir R . Fanshaw's Original Letters (1724); See also:

• WARBURTON, BARTHOLOMEW ELLIOTT GEORGE (1810-1852)
• WARBURTON, COLONEL SIR ROBERT (1842–1899)
• WARBURTON, WILLIAM (1698–1779)

Warburton's Life of Prince See also:

• RUPERT (1352—1410)
• RUPERT (HRODBERT), ST
• RUPERT, PRINCE, COUNT PALATINE OF THE RHINE AND DUKE OF BAVARIA (1619—1682)

Rupert (1849): Barwick's Life of Barwick (1724); Hist .

MSS . Comm. loth Rep pt. vi. pp . 193-216, and in the Harleian Miscellany . B1sL1oGRAaHY.-Clarendon's autobiographical See also:

• WORKS

works and Letters enumerated above, and the MS . Collection in the Bodleian library . The Lives of Clarendon by T . H . Lister (1838), and by C . H . See also:

• FIRTH, CHARLES HARDING (1857– )
• FIRTH, MARK (1819-1880)

Firth in the See also:

• DIET

Diet. of Nat . See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

Biography (with authorities there collected), completely supersede all earlier accounts including that in Lives of All the Lord Chancellors (1708), in Macdiarmid's Lives of British Statesmen (1807), and in the different Lives by See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

Wood in Athenae Oxonienses (See also:

• BLISS, CORNELIUS NEWTON (1833– )

Bliss), iii . 1018; while those in J .

H . See also:

• BROWNE
• BROWNE, EDWARD HAROLD (18,1–1891)
• BROWNE, ISAAC HAWKINS (1705-1760)
• BROWNE, JAMES (1793–1841)
• BROWNE, MAXIMILIAN ULYSSES, COUNT VON, BARON DE CAMUS AND MOUNTANY (1705-1757)
• BROWNE, PETER (?1665-1735)
• BROWNE, ROBERT (1550-1633)
• BROWNE, SIR JAMES (1839–1896)
• BROWNE, SIR THOMAS (1605-1682)
• BROWNE, WILLIAM (1591–1643)
• BROWNE, WILLIAM GEORGE (1768-1813)

Browne's Lives of the See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

Prime Ministers of England (1858), in See also:

• LODGE
• LODGE, EDMUND (1756-1839)
• LODGE, H
• LODGE, HENRY CABOT (1850– )
• LODGE, SIR OLIVER JOSEPH (1851– )
• LODGE, THOMAS (c. 1558–1625)

Lodge's Portraits, in Lord See also:

• CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER (1788–1866)
• CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA (Mrs PATRICK CAMPBELL) (1865– )
• CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–1796)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN
• CAMPBELL, JOHN (1708-1775)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN CAMPBELL, BARON (1779-1861)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS
• CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
• CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867— )
• CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777—1844)

Campbell's Lives of the Chancellors, iii . 110 (1845), and in See also:

• FOSS, EDWARD (1787-1870)

Foss's Judges, See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply no further information . In See also:

• HISTORICAL

Historical Inquiries respecting the Character of Edward Hyde, earl of Clarendon, various charges against Clarendon were collected by G . A . See also:

• ELLIS (originally SHARPE), ALEXANDER JOHN (1814-189o)
• ELLIS, GEORGE (1753-1815)
• ELLIS, ROBINSON (1834- )
• ELLIS, SIR HENRY (1777-1869)
• ELLIS, WILLIAM (1794 – 1872)

Ellis (1827) and answered by Lister, vol. ii . 529, and by Lady Th . Lewis in Lives of the Contemporaries of Lord Clarendon (1852), i. preface pt. i . For criticisms of the History see Gardiner's Civil Wars (1893), iii . 121; See also:

• RANKE, LEOPOLD VON (1795-1886)

Ranke's Hist. of England, vi . 3-29; See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Politik Karls See also:

• DES

des Ersten and Lord Clarendon's Darstellung, by A . See also:

• BUFF (from Fr. bu.ffie, a buffalo)

Buff (1868) ; See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in the Diet. of Nat .

Biog. by C . H . Firth, and especially a series of admirable articles by the same author in the Eng . Hist . See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review (1904) . For description of the MS., Macray's edition of the History (1888), Lady Th . Lewis's Lives from the Clarendon Gallery, i. introd. pt. ii.; for See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of earlier See also:

• EDITIONS

editions, See also:

• ATH, or AATII

Ath . Oxon . (Bliss) iii . 1017 . Lord See also:

• LANSDOWNE
• LANSDOWNE, WILLIAM PETTY FITZMAURICE, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1737-18o5)

Lansdowne defends Sir R . See also:

• GRANVILLE
• GRANVILLE, GRANVILLE
• GRANVILLE, JOHN CARTERET, EARL (1690-1763)

Granville against Clarendon's strictures in the Vindication (Genuine Works of G .

Granville, Lord Lansdowne, i . 503 [1732]), and Lord See also:

• ASHBURNHAM, JOHN (c. 1603-1671)

Ashburnham defends John Ashburnham in A Narrative by John Ashburnham (183o) . See also Notes at Meetings of the Privy Council between Charles II. and the Earl of Clarendon (See also:

• ROXBURGHE, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Roxburghe See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

Club, 1896) ; General Orders of the High Court of Chancery, by J . Beames (1815), 147-221; S . R . Gardiner's Hist. of England, of the Civil War and of the Commonwealth; Lord Clarendon, by A . Chassant (account of the assault at Evreux) (1891) ; See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

Annals of the Bodleian Library, by W . D . Macray (1868); See also:

• MASSON, DAVID (1822–1907)
• MASSON, LOUIS CLAUDE FREDERIC (1847– )

Masson's Life of See also:

• MILTON
• MILTON, JOHN (1608–1674)

Milton; Life of Sir G . See also:

• SAVILE, SIR G
• SAVILE, SIR GEORGE (1726-1784)
• SAVILE, SIR HENRY (1549–1622)

Savile, by H . C . Foxcroft (1898); Cal. of St .

Pap . Dom., esp . 1667-1668, 58, 354, 370; Hist . MSS . Comm . Series, MSS. of J . M . See also:

• HEATHCOTE, SIR GILBERT (c. 1651-1733)

Heathcote and Various Collections, vol . H.; Add . MSS. in the British Museum; Notes and Queries, 6 See also:

• SER

ser. v . 283, 9 ser. xi . 182, 1 ser. ix .

7; Pepys's Diary; J . Evelyn's Diary and Correspondence; Gen . Catalogue in British Museum; Edward Hyde, earl of Clarendon (1909), a lecture delivered at Oxford during the Clarendon See also:

• CENTENARY (from Lat. centenarius, of or belonging to a hundred, from centeni, distributive of centum, hundred)

centenary by C . H . Firth . (P . C .