1ST See also:

• EARL

EARL OF See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

JOHN FITZGIBBON See also:

• CLARE
• CLARE, JOHN (1793-1864)
• 1ST EARL OF JOHN FITZGIBBON CLARE (1749-1802)

CLARE (1749-1802)  , See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, was the second son of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Fitzgibbon, who had abandoned the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic faith in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to pursue a legal career . He was educated at Trinity See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin, where he was highly distinguished as a classical See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar, and at See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, where he graduated in 1770 . In 1772 he was called to the Irish See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar, and quickly acquired a very lucrative practice; he also inherited his See also:

• FATHER

father's large See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune on the See also:

• DEATH

death of his See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• BROTHER

brother . In 1778 he entered the Irish See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons as member for Dublin University, and at first gave a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general support to the popular party led by See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• GRATTAN, HENRY (1746-1820)

Grattan (q.v.) . He was, however, from the first hostile to that See also:

• PART

part of Grattan's policy which aimed at removing the disabilities of the Roman Catholics; he endeavoured to impede the See also:

• RELIEF

Relief See also:

• BILL

Bill of 1778 by raising difficulties about its effect on the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

Settlement . He especially distrusted the priests, and many years later explained that his See also:

• LIFE

life-See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long resistance to all concession to the Catholics was based on his " unalterable See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion " that " a conscientious Popish ecclesiastic never will become a well-attached subject to a See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, and that the Popish See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy must always have a commanding See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on every member of that communion." As See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1780 Fitzgibbon began to See also:

• SEPARATE

separate himself from the popular or See also:

• NATIONAL

national party, by opposing Grattan's See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of the Irish See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament's right to See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence . There is no See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to suppose that in this See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of view he was influenced by corrupt or See also:

• PERSONAL

personal motives . His See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast of mind naturally inclined to authority rather than to democratic See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty; his hostility to the Catholic claims, and his distrust of See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary reform as likely to endanger the connexion of Ireland with See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, made him a sincere opponent of the aims which Grattan had in view, In reply, however, to a remonstrance from his constituents Fitzgibbon promised to support Grattan's policy in the future, and described the claim of Great Britain to make See also:

• LAWS

laws for Ireland as " a daring usurpation of the rights of a See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• PEOPLE

people." For some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time longer there was no actual See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach between him and Grattan . Grattan supported the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of Fitzgibbon as See also:

• ATTORNEY (from O. Fr. atorne, a person appointed to act for another, from atourner, legal Lat. attornare, attorn, literally to turn over to another or commit business to another)

attorney-general in 1783, and in 1785 the latter highly eulogized Grattan's See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and services to the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country in a speech in which he condemned See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

Flood's volunteer See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement . He also opposed Flood's Reform Bill of 1784; and from this time forward he was in fact the leading spirit in the Irish See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, and the stiffest opponent of all concession to popular demands . In 1784 the permanent See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of revolutionary reformers in Dublin, of whom Napper See also:

• TANDY, JAMES NAPPER (174o—18o3)

Tandy was the most conspicuous, invited the sheriffs of counties to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call meetings for the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of delegates to attend a See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention for the discussion of reform; and when the See also:

• SHERIFF

sheriff of the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of Dublin summoned a See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting for this purpose Fitzgibbon procured his imprisonment for contempt of See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, and justified this See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure in parliament, though Lord See also:

• ERSKINE, EBENEZER (1680-1754)
• ERSKINE, HENRY (1746-1817)
• ERSKINE, JOHN
• ERSKINE, JOHN (1721-1803)
• ERSKINE, RALPH (1685-1752)
• ERSKINE, THOMAS
• ERSKINE, THOMAS ERSKINE, 1ST BARON (1750-1823)

Erskine declared it grossly illegal . In the course of the debates on See also:

• PITT, THOMAS (1653-1726)
• PITT, WILLIAM (1759-1806)

Pitt's commercial propositions in 1785, which Fitzgibbon supported in masterly speeches, he referred to See also:

• CURRAN, JOHN PHILPOT (1750-1817)

Curran in terms which led to a See also:

• DUEL (Ital. duello, Lat. duellum—old form of bellum-from duo, two)

duel between the two lawyers, when Fitzgibbon was accused of a deliberation in aiming at his opponent that was contrary to See also:

• ETIQUETTE

etiquette .

His antagonism to Curran was life-long and See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter, and after he became chancellor his hostility to the famous See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate was said to have driven the latter out of practice . In See also:

• JANUARY

January 1787 Fitzgibbon introduced a stringent bill for repressing the Whiteboy outrages . It was supported by Grattan, who, however, procured the omission of a clause enacting that any Roman Catholic See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel near which an illegal See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath had been tendered should be immediately demolished . His influence with the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority in the Irish parliament defeated Pitt's proposed reform of the tithe See also:

• SYSTEM

system in Ireland, Fitzgibbon refusing even to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant a committee to investigate the subject . On the regency question in 1789 Fitzgibbon, in opposition to Grattan, supported the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of Pitt in a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of powerfulspeeches which proved him a great constitutional lawyer; he intimated that the choice for Ireland might in certain eventualities See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest between See also:

• COMPLETE

complete separation from See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and legislative See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union; and, while he exclaimed as to the latter alternative, " See also:

• GOD

God forbid that I should ever see that See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day!" he admitted that separation would be the worse evil of the two . In the same See also:

• YEAR

year Lord See also:

• LIFFORD

Lifford resigned the chancellorship, and Fitzgibbon was appointed in his See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, being raised to the See also:

• PEERAGE
• PEERAGE (Fr. pairage, med. Lat. paragium; M.E. Pere, 0. Fr. per, peer, later pair; Lat. Paris, " equal ")

peerage as See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron Fitzgibbon . His removal to the House of Lords greatly increased his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . In the Commons, though he had exercised great influence as attorney-general, his position had been secondary; in the House of Lords and in the privy See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council he was little less than despotic . " He was," says See also:

• LECKY, WILLIAM EDWARD HARTPOLE (1838–1903)

Lecky, " by far the ablest Irishman who had adopted without restriction the doctrine that the Irish legislature must be maintained in a See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of permanent and unvarying subjection to the See also:

• ENGLISH

English executive." But the English See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry were now embarking on a policy of conciliation in Ireland . The Catholic Relief Bill of 1793 was forced on the Irish executive by the See also:

• CABINET

cabinet in See also:

• LONDON

London, but it passed rapidly and easily through the Irish parliament . Lord Fitzgibbon, while accepting the bill as inevitable under the circumstances that had arisen, made a most violent though exceedingly able speech against the principle of concession, which did much to destroy the conciliatory effect of the measure; and as a consequence of this act he began persistently to urge the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for a legislative union . From this date until the union was carried, the career of Fitzgibbon is practically the See also:

• HISTORY

history of Ireland .

True to his inveterate hostility to the popular claims, he was opposed to the appointment of Lord See also:

• FITZWILLIAM, SIR WILLIAM (1526-1599)
• FITZWILLIAM, WILLIAM WENTWORTH FITZWILLIAM, 2ND EARL (1748-1833)

Fitzwilliam (q.v.) as See also:

• VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy in 1795, and was probably the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief influence in procuring his recall; and it was Fitzgibbon who first put it into the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George III. that the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king would violate his See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation oath if he consented to the See also:

• ADMISSION

admission of Catholics to parliament . When Lord See also:

• CAMDEN
• CAMDEN, CHARLES PRATT, 1ST EARL (1714-1794)
• CAMDEN, JOHN JEFFREYS PRATT, 2ND EARL
• CAMDEN, WILLIAM (1551-1623)

Camden, Fitzwilliam's successor in the viceroyalty, arrived in Dublin on the 31st of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1795, Fitzgibbon's See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage was violently assaulted by the See also:

• MOB

mob, and he himself was wounded; and in the riots that ensued his house was also attacked . But as if to impress upon the Catholics the hopelessness of their See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, the government who had made Fitzgibbon a See also:

• VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

viscount immediately after his attack on the Catholics in 1793 now bestowed on him a further See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour . In See also:

• JUNE

June 1795 he was created See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• CLARE
• CLARE, JOHN (1793-1864)
• CLARE, JOHN FITZGIBBON, 1ST EARL OF (1749-1802)

Clare . On the See also:

• EVE

eve of the See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion he warned the government that while emancipation and reform might be the See also:

• OBJECTS

objects aimed at by the better classes, the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of the disaffected had in view " the separation of the country from her connexion with Great Britain, and a fraternal See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic." Clare advocated stringent See also:

• MEASURES

measures to prevent an outbreak; but he was neither cruel nor immoderate, and was inclined to See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy in dealing with individuals . He attempted to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save Lord See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• FITZGERALD
• FITZGERALD, EDWARD (1809–1883)
• FITZGERALD, LORD E
• FITZGERALD, LORD EDWARD (1763-1798)
• FITZGERALD, LORD THOMAS (loth earl of Kildare), (1513-1537)
• FITZGERALD, RAYMOND, or REDMOND (d. ca. 1182)

Fitzgerald (q.v.) from his See also:

• FATE

fate by giving a friendly warning to his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, and promising to facilitate his See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from the country; and Lord Edward's aunt, See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady Louisa See also:

• CONOLLY, JOHN (1794-1866)

Conolly, who was See also:

• CON

con-ducted to his death-See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed in See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison by the chancellor in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, declared that " nothing could exceed Lord Clare's kindness." His moderation and humanity after the rebellion was extolled by See also:

• CORNWALLIS, CHARLES CORNWALLIS
• CORNWALLIS, SIR WILLIAM (1744-1819)

Cornwallis . He threw his great influence on the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of clemency, and it was through his intervention that See also:

• OLIVER, ISAAC (c. 1566--1617)
• OLIVER, PETER (1594-1648)

Oliver See also:

• BOND
• BOND, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1815-1898)

Bond, when sentenced to death, was reprieved; and that an arrangement was made by which See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur O'See also:

• CONNOR (or O'CONNOR), BERNARD (1666-1698)

Connor, See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• EMMET, ROBERT (1778-1803)
• EMMET, THOMAS ADDIS (1764-1827)

Emmet and other state prisoners were allowed to leave the country . In See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1798 Lord Clare, who since 1793 had been convinced of the necessity for a legislative union if the connexion between Great Britain and Ireland was to be maintained, and who was equally determined that the union must be unaccompanied by Catholic emancipation, crossed to England and successfully pressed his views on Pitt . In 1799 he induced the Irish House of Lords to throw out a bill for providing a permanent endowment of See also:

• MAYNOOTH

Maynooth . On the loth of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1800 Clare in the House of Lords moved the See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution approving the union in a long and powerful speech, in which he reviewed the history of Ireland since the Revolution, attributing the evils of See also:

• RECENT

recent years to the See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent constitution of 1782, and speaking of Grattan in See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of deep personal hatred . He was not aware of the assurance which Cornwallis had been authorized to convey to the Catholics that the union was to pave the way for emancipation, and when he heard of it after the passing of the act he bitterly complained that Pitt and Castlereagh had deceived him . After the union Clare became more violent than ever in his opposition to any policy of concession in Ireland .

He died on the 28th of January 1802; his funeral in Dublin was the occasion of a See also:

• RIOT (0. Fr. riote, of uncertain etymology)

riot organized " by a gang of about fourteen persons under orders of a See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader." His wife, in compliance with his death-bed See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request, destroyed all his papers . His two sons, John (1792–1851) and See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• HOBART
• HOBART, GARRET AUGUSTUS (1844–1899)
• HOBART, JOHN HENRY (1775-1830)

Hobart (1793–1864), succeeded in turn to the earldom, which became See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct on the death of the latter, whose only son, John See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Henry, Viscount Fitzgibbon (1829–1854), was killed in the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of the See also:

• LIGHT

Light See also:

• BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

Brigade at See also:

• BALAKLAVA

Balaklava . Lord Clare was in private life an estimable and even an amiable See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man; many acts of generosity are related of him; the determination of his character swayed other See also:

• WILLS, WILLIAM GORMAN (1828-1891)

wills to his purpose, and his courage was such as no danger, no obloquy, no public hatred or violence could disturb . Though not a great orator like Flood or Grattan, he was a skilful and ready debater, and he was by far the ablest Irish supporter of the union . He was, however, arrogant, overbearing and intolerant to the last degree . He was the first Irishman since the Revolution to hold the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of lord chancellor of Ireland . " Except where his furious personal antipathies and his ungovernable arrogance were called into See also:

• ACTION

action, he appears to have been," says Lecky, " an able, upright and energetic See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge "; but as a politician there can be little question that Lord Clare's bitter and unceasing resistance to reasonable measures of reform did See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

infinite See also:

• MISCHIEF

mischief in the history of Ireland, by inflaming the passions of his countrymen, See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving them into rebellion, and perpetuating their See also:

• POLITICAL

political and religious divisions . See W . E . H . Lecky, History of Ireland in the Eighteenth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

Century (5 vols., London, 1892) ; J . R .

O'Flanagan, The Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

Seal in Ireland (2 vols., London, 1870) ; Cornwallis See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

Correspondence, ed. by C . See also:

• ROSS
• ROSS, ALEXANDER (1699-1784)
• ROSS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1841- )
• ROSS, JOHN, or KOOESKOOWE (179o-1866)
• ROSS, ROBERT (1766-1814)
• ROSS, SIR HEW DALRYMPLE (1779-1868)
• ROSS, SIR JAMES CLARK (1800-1862)
• ROSS, SIR JOHN (1777-1856)

Ross (3 vols., London, 1859) ; Charles See also:

• PHILLIPS
• PHILLIPS, ADELAIDE (1833-1882)
• PHILLIPS, EDWARD (163o-1696)
• PHILLIPS, JOHN (1800—1874)
• PHILLIPS, SAMUEL (1814—1854)
• PHILLIPS, STEPHEN (1868– )
• PHILLIPS, THOMAS (1770-1845)
• PHILLIPS, WENDELL (1811-1884)

Phillips, Recollections of Curran and some of his Contemporaries (London, 1822) ; Henry Grattan, See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs of the Life and Times of the Right Honble . Henry Grattan (5 vols., London, 1839–1846) ; Lord See also:

• AUCKLAND
• AUCKLAND, GEORGE EDEN, EARL OF (1784-1849)
• AUCKLAND, WILLIAM EDEN, 1ST BARON (1745-1814)

Auckland, See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal and Correspondence (4 vols., London, 1861); Charles See also:

• COOTE, SIR EYRE (1726-1783)

Coote, History of the Union of Great Britain and Ireland (London, 1802) . (R . J .