See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS See also:

• DRUSUS, MARCUS LIVIUS
• DRUSUS, NERO1 CLAUDIUS (38–9 B.C.)

DRUSUS See also:

• NERO (37-68)

NERO GERMANICUS]  , See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor A.D . 41-54, son of See also:

• DRUSUS, MARCUS LIVIUS
• DRUSUS, NERO1 CLAUDIUS (38–9 B.C.)

Drusus and Antonia, See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew of the emperor Tiberius, and See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of Livia, the wife of See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Lugdunum (See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons) on the 1st of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 10 B.C . During his boyhood he was treated with contempt, owing to his weak and timid See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and his natural infirmities; the fact that he was regarded as little better than an See also:

• IMBECILE (through the French from Lat. imbecillus or imbecillis, weak, feeble; of unknown origin)

imbecile saved him from See also:

• DEATH

death at the hands of Caligula . He chiefly devoted himself to literature, especially See also:

• HISTORY

history, and until his See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession he took no real See also:

• PART

part in public affairs, though Caligula honoured him with the dignity of See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul . He was four times married: to Plautia Urgulanilla, whom he divorced because he suspected her of designs against his See also:

• LIFE

life; to Aelia Petina, also divorced; to the infamous See also:

• VALERIA, VIA

Valeria See also:

• MESSALLINA, VALERIA

Messallina (q.v.); and to his niece See also:

• AGRIPPINA

Agrippina . In A.D . 41, on the See also:

• MURDER

murder of Caligula, See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius was seized by the See also:

• PRAETORIANS

praetorians, and declared emperor . The See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate, which had entertained the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of restoring the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic, was obliged to acquiesce . One of Claudius's first acts was to proclaim an See also:

• AMNESTY (from the Gr. &µvrly-ria, oblivion)

amnesty for all except See also:

• CASSIUS
• CASSIUS, AVIDIUS (d. A.D. 175)
• CASSIUS, GAIUS

Cassius Chaerea, the See also:

• ASSASSIN (properly Hashish n, from Hashish, the opiate made from the juice of hemp leaves)

assassin of his predecessor, and one or two others . After the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of a See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy against his life in 42, he See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell completely under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Messallina and his favourite freedmen See also:

• PALLAS, PETER SIMON (1741–1811)

Pallas and See also:

• NARCISSUS

Narcissus, who must be held responsible for acts of See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty which have brought undeserved odium upon the emperor . There is no doubt that Claudius was a liberal-minded See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of kindly nature, anxious for the welfare of his See also:

• PEOPLE

people . Humane regulations were made in regard to freedmen, slaves, widows and orphans; the See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police See also:

• SYSTEM

system was admirably organized ; See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce was put on a See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound footing; the provinces were governed in a spirit of liberality; the rights of citizens and See also:

• ADMISSION

admission to the senate were extended to communities outside See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy .

The speech of Claudius delivered (in the See also:

• YEAR

year 48) in the senate in support of the See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition of the Aeduans that their senators should have the See also:

• JUS

jus petendorum honorum (claim of admission to the senate and magistracies) at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome has been partly preserved on the fragment of a See also:

• BRONZE

bronze tablet found at Lyons in 1524; an imperial See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict concerning the citizenship of the Anaunians (15th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 46) was found in the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• TIROL (or TYROL 1)

Tirol in 1869 (C.I.L. v . 5050) . Claudius was especially fond of See also:

• BUILDING

building . He completed the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• AQUEDUCT (Lat. aqua, water, and ducere, to lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)

aqueduct (Aqua Claudia) begun by Caligula, drained the See also:

• LOCUS (Lat. for " place "; in Gr. rinros)

Locus Fucinus, and built the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour of See also:

• OSTIA

Ostia . Nor were his military operations unsuccessful . See also:

• MAURETANIA

Mauretania was made a Roman See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province; the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain was begun; his distinguished See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general Domitius See also:

• CORBULO, GNAEUS DOMITIUS (1st century A.D.)

Corbulo (q.v.) gained considerable successes in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East . The intrigues of Narcissus caused IVIessallina to be put to death by See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of Claudius, who took as his See also:

• FOURTH

fourth wife his niece Agrippina, a woman as criminal as any of her predecessors . She prevailed upon him to set aside his own son See also:

• BRITANNICUS

Britannicus in favour of See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero, her son by a former See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage; and in 54, to make Nero's position secure, she put the emperor to death by See also:

• POISON

poison . The See also:

• APOTHEOSIS (Gr. aaoOeou)

apotheosis of Claudius was the subject of a See also:

• LAMPOON

lampoon by See also:

• SENECA

Seneca called apokolokyntosis, the " pumpkinification " of Claudius . Claudius was a prolific writer, chiefly on history, but his See also:

• WORKS

works are lost . He wrote (in See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek) a history of See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage and a history of See also:

• ETRURIA

Etruria: (in Latin) a history of Rome from the death of See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar, an autobiography, and an See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay in See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of See also:

• CICERO

Cicero against the attacks of Asinius See also:

• GALLUS, C
• GALLUS, CORNELIUS (c. 70-26 B.C.)
• GALLUS, GAIUS AELIUS
• GALLUS, GAIUS CESTIUS
• GALLUS, GAIUS SULPICIUS

Gallus . He also introduced three new letters into the Latin See also:

• ALPHABET (see also WRITING)

alphabet: J for the consonantal V, ) for BS and PS, F for the intermediate sound between I and U .