KARL VON See also:

• KARL VON CLAUSEWITZ (1780-1831)

CLAUSEWITZ (1780-1831)  , Prussian See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general and military writer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• BURG

Burg, near See also:

• MAGDEBURG

Magdeburg, on the 1st of See also:

• JUNE

June 1780 . His See also:

• FAMILY

family, originally See also:

• POLISH

Polish, had settled in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany at the end of the previous See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Entering the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army in 1792, he first saw service in the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns of 1793-1794, receiving his See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission at the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz . On his return to See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty he set to See also:

• WORK

work so zealously to remedy the defects in his See also:

• EDUCATION

education caused by his See also:

• FATHER

father's poverty, that in 18or he was admitted to the See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy for See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• OFFICERS

officers, then directed by See also:

• SCHARNHORST, GERHARD JOHANN DAVID VON (1755-1813)

Scharnhorst . Scharnhorst, attracted by his See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil's See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry and force of See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, paid See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to his training, and profoundly influenced the development of his mind . In 1803, on Scharnhorst's recommendation, See also:

• CLAUSEWITZ, KARL VON (1780-1831)

Clausewitz was made " See also:

• ADJUTANT (from Lat. adjutare, to aid)

adjutant " (aide-de-See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp) to See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, and he served in this capacity in the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of See also:

• JENA

Jena (18o6), being captured along with the prince by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French at See also:

• PRENZLAU, or PRENZLOW

Prenzlau . A prisoner in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland for the next two years, he returned to See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia in 18o9; and for the next three years, as a depart-See also:

• MENTAL

mental See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief in the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, as a teacher in the military school, and as military instructor to the See also:

• CROWN

crown prince,he assisted Scharnhorst in the famous reorganization of the Prussian army . In 1810 he married the countess See also:

• MARIE

Marie von Briihl . On the outbreak of the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian war in 1812, Clausewitz, like many other Prussian officers, took service with his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country's nominal enemy . This step he justified in a memorial, published for the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in the Leben Gneisenaus by See also:

• PERTZ, GEORG HEINRICH (1795-1876)

Pertz (Berlin, 1869) . At first adjutant to General Phull, who had himself been a Prussian officer, he served later under Pahlen at Witepsk and See also:

• SMOLENSK

Smolensk, and from the final Russian position at See also:

• KALUGA

Kaluga he was sent to the army of See also:

• WITTGENSTEIN, LUDWIG ADOLF PETER, COUNT

Wittgenstein . It was Clausewitz who negotiated the See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention of Tauroggen, which separated the cause of Yorck's Prussians from that of the French, and began the War of Liberation (see YORCK VON WARTENBURG; also See also:

• BLUMENTHAL, LEONHARD, COUNT VON (1810–1900)

Blumenthal's See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Konvention von Tauroggen, Berlin, 1901) .

As a Russian officer he superintended the formation of the See also:

• LANDWEHR

Landwehr of See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east Prussia (see See also:

• STEIN, CHARLOTTE VON (1742-1827)
• STEIN, HEINRICH FRIEDRICH KARL, BARON VOM

STEIN, See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

BARON VOM), and in the campaign of 1813 served as chief of See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff to See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Wallmoden . He conducted the fight at Gohrde, and after the See also:

• ARMISTICE (from Lat. arma, arms, and sistere, to stop)

armistice, with See also:

• GNEISENAU, AUGUST WILHELM ANTON, COUNT

Gneisenau's permission, published an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the campaign (Der Feldzug von 1813 bis zum Waffenstillstand, See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1813) . This work was See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long attributed to Gneisenau himself . After the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of 1814 Clausewitz re-entered the Prussian service, and in the See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo campaign was See also:

• PRESENT

present at Ligny and See also:

• WAVRE

Wavre as General See also:

• THIELMANN, JOHANN ADOLF, FREIHERR VON (1765-1824)

Thielmann's chief of staff . This See also:

• POST

post he retained till 1818, when he was promoted See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major-general and appointed director of the Allgemeine Kriegsschule . Here he remained till in 183o he was made chief of the 3rd See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

Artillery Inspection at See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau . Next See also:

• YEAR

year he became chief of staff to See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

Field-See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal Gneisenau, who commanded an army of observation on the Polish frontier . After the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of this army Clausewitz returned to his artillery duties; but on the 18th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1831 he died at Breslau of See also:

• CHOLERA (from the Gr. Xo)du, tile, and Map, to flow)

cholera, which had proved fatal to his chief also, and a little previously, to his old Russian See also:

• COMMANDER

commander See also:

• DIEBITSCH, HANS KARL FRIEDRICH ANTON

Diebitsch on the other See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the frontier . His collected See also:

• WORKS

works were edited and published by his widow, who was aided by some officers, See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends of the general, in her task . Of the ten volumes of Hinterlassene Werke fiber Krieg and Kriegfiihrung (Berlin, 1832-1837, later edition called Clausewitz's Gesammte Werke, Berlin, 1874) the first three contain Clausewitz's masterpiece, Vom Kriege, an exposition of the See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy of war which is absolutely unrivalled . He produced no " See also:

• SYSTEM

system " of See also:

• STRATEGY

strategy, and his critics styled his work "negative" and asked "Qu'a-t-il fonde?" What he had " founded " was that See also:

• MODERN

modern strategy which, by its hold on the Prussian mind, carried the Prussian arms to victory in 1866 and 1870 over the " systematic " strategists Krismanic and See also:

• BAZAINE, ACHILLE FRANCOIS (1811–1888)

Bazaine, and his philosophy of war became, not only in Germany but in many other countries, the essential basis of all serious study of the See also:

• ART

art of war . The See also:

• ENGLISH

English and French See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations (See also:

• GRAHAM, SIR GERALD (1831–1899)
• GRAHAM, SIR JAMES ROBERT GEORGE
• GRAHAM, SYLVESTER (1794-1851)
• GRAHAM, THOMAS (1805-1869)

Graham, On War, See also:

• LONDON

London, 1873; Neuens, La Guerre, See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1849-1852; or Vatry, Theorie de la grande guerre, Paris, 1899), with the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• ORIGINAL

original, See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place the work at the disposal of students of most nationalities .

The remaining volumes See also:

• DEAL

deal with military See also:

• HISTORY

history: vol . 4, the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian campaign of 1796-97; vols . 5 and 6, the campaign of 1799 in Switzerland and See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy; vol . 7, the See also:

• WARS

wars of 1812, 1813 to the armistice, and 1814; vol . 8, the Waterloo Campaign; vols . 9 and to, papers on the campaigns of Gustavus See also:

• ADOLPHUS, JOHN LEYCESTER (1795-1862)

Adolphus, See also:

• TURENNE, HENRI DE LA TOUR

Turenne, See also:

• LUXEMBURG
• LUXEMBURG, FRANCOIS HENRI DE MONTMORENCYBOUTEVILLE, DUKE

Luxemburg, Miinnich, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Sobieski, See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick the See also:

• GREAT

Great, See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand of See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick, &c . He also wrote Uber das Leben and den Charakter von Scharnhorst (printed in See also:

• RANKE, LEOPOLD VON (1795-1886)

Ranke's Ilistorisch-politischer Zeitschrift, 1832) . A See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript on the See also:

• CATASTROPHE (Gr. Karaurpoch, from KaraQrp4ecv, to over-turn)

catastrophe of 18o6 long remained unpublished . It was used by v . Hopfner in his history of that war, and eventually published by the Great General Staff in 1888 (French See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation, 1903) . Letters from Clausewitz to his wife were published in Zeitschrift fiir preussische Landeskunde (1876) . His name is See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by the 28th Field Artillery See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment of the German army .

See Schwartz, Leben See also:

• DES

des General von Clausewitz and der Frau Marie von Clausewitz (2 vols., Berlin, 1877) ; von Meerheimb, Karl von Clausewitz (Berlin, 1875), also Memoir in Allgemeine deutsche Biographie; Bernhardi, Leben des Generals von Clausewitz (loth Supplement, Militar . Wochenblatl, 1878) .